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Öğe Anadoluda Yetişen Dört Centaurea L. Türünün Antiaging ve Antidiyabet Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi(Hakkari University, 2023) Çavuşoğlu, Mehmet; Akdeniz, Mehmet; Yener, İsmail; Alkan, Hüseyin; Ertaş, AbdulselamCentaurea L., dünya çapında, özellikle Batı Asya ve Akdeniz bölgelerinde dağılım gösteren 600'den fazla türüyle Asteraceae familyasının dördüncü en büyük cinsi olup Türkiye'de 109'u endemik olmak üzere 179 türü bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Anadolu'dan dört Centaurea türünün antiaging ve antidiyabet etkilerini belirlemesi amaçlanmaktadır. Ayrıca Centaurea lycopifolia, C. balsamita, C. depressa, ve C. iberica türlerinin GC-MS ile bazı triterpen içerikleri belirlenmiştir. C. lycopifolia türünün aseton ekstresinde (4271.54 µg/g ekstre), C. balsamita türünün aseton ekstresinde (2872.28) ve metanol ekstresinde (3564.05) ?-amirin tespit edilmiştir. Antiaging açısından elastaz ve kollajenaz yöntemlerinde C. lycopifolia aseton ekstresinin elastaz enzimine karşı iyi derecede (27.83±1.31, oleanolik asit:37.47±0.82) inhibe edici aktivite sergilemiştir. Antidiyabetik açısından değerlendirdiğimizde ise C. depressa türünün aseton ekstresinin 12.5, 50 ve 200 µg/mL farklı konsantrasyonlarda ?-glukozidazı çok yüksek düzeyde (sırasıyla, % inhibisyon: 29.03±0.49, 45.87±1.06, 84.81±1.22, akarboz: 1.23±0.03, 28.51±0.44, 64.37±1.80) inhibisyon aktivitesi gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. C. depressa türünün metanol ekstresi ile C. iberica ve C. lycopifolia türlerinin aseton ekstreleriinin ?-glukozidaz enzimini yüksek düzeyde inhibe ettiği belirlenmiştir. C. balsamita türünün metanol ekstresinin ise 800 µg/mL konsantrasyonda ?-amilaz enzimine karşı yüksek düzeyde (65.43±1.40, akarboz: 67.18±1.73) inhibisyon aktivitesi gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak C. lycopifolia türünün antiaging potansiyeli nedeniyle kozmetik endüstrisinde, C. depressa, C. iberica, C. lycopifolia ve C. balsamita türlerinin antidiyabetik potansiyelleri nedeniyle farmasötik alanda kullanılabilmesi için daha detaylı çalışmalara konu olması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.Öğe Anoxybacilus sp. SO-B1 bakterisi ile modifiye edilmiş amberlit XAD-16 reçinesi kullanılarak Th(IV) ve Ce(III) iyonlarının katı faz ekstraksiyonu, zenginleştirilmesi ve ICP-OES ile tayini(2015) Yener, İsmailBu çalışmada Anoxybacilus sp. SO-B1 bakterisi ile modifiye edilmiş Amberlit XAD-16 reçinesi kullanılarak kolon dolgu maddesi hazırlanmış ve hazırlanan bu kolon dolgu maddesi ile matriks ortamında bulunan Th(IV) ve Ce (III) iyonlarının ayrılması ve önderiştirmesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve İndüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma Emisyon Spektroskopisi (ICP-OES) ile tayin edilmiştir. Optimum koşulları belirlemek amacıyla yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda ise, Th(IV) ve Ce(III)'un kolonda tutunma verimine, pH, kolondaki akış hızı, eluent türü, derişimi ve hacmi, biyosorpsiyon kapasitesi, örnek çözelti hacmi, yabancı iyonların kolonda tutunmaya ve eluasyon işlemine etkisi gibi parametreler incelenmiş ve optimum koşullar tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca belirlenen optimum koşullarda matriks ortamında bulunan eser düzeydeki Th(IV) ve Ce(III)'un önderiştirilme işlemi yapılmış ve % 100'e yakın verimler ile 100 kat önderiştirilip analiz edilecek düzeye getirilmiştir. Yapılan deneylerde, Th(IV) ve Ce(III)'un kolonda tutunmalarında pH 2.0-7.0 aralığında çalışılmış ve en uygun pH'ın sırasıyla 4.0-7.0 ve 6.0-7.0 aralığında olduğu ve bu pH'larda belirtilen iyonların tamamının kolonda tutunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kolondan maksimum akış hızını tespit etmek amacıyla yapılan deneylerde, Th(IV) ve Ce(III) iyonlarını içeren çözeltiler 1-5 mL/dk akış hızı aralıklarında kolondan geçirilmiş, sonuç olarak Th(IV) ve Ce(III) için maksimum akış hızları sırasıyla 4 mL/dk ve 3 mL/dk olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Belirtilen iyonlar için bu hızların üzerinde deney yapıldığı zaman biyosorbsiyon verimlerinde azalma tespit edilmiştir. Hazırlanan kolon dolgu maddesinin maksimum biyosorbsiyon kapasitesini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılan deneylerde, farklı konsantrasyonlarda Th(IV) ve Ce(III) çözeltileri kolondan geçirilmiş ve belirtilen metal iyonları için maksimum biyosorbsiyon kapasiteleri sırasıyla 28400 µg/g ve 20820 µg/g olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kolonda tutunmuş olan Th(IV) ve Ce(III)'u kolondan elue edip önderiştirmek amacıyla 0.25-1.50 mol/L aralığında HNO3 ve HCl çözeltileri kullanılmış, sonuç olarak en uygun eluentin HCl ve en uygun konsantrasyonun ise 1 mol/L olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Biyosorbsiyon ve eluasyon verimine yabancı iyonların etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılan deneylerde, matriks ortamında yüksek konsantrasyonlarda Na+, K+, Mg2+, CI-ve SO42- gibi iyonların etkileri incelenmiş, sonuç olarak belirtilen yabancı iyonlardan sadece Mg2+ iyonunun biyosorbsiyon verimini düşürdüğü gözlenmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucu elde edilen optimum koşullar ile geliştirilen yöntem Eskişehir-Sivrihisar bastnasit cevherinde bulunan Th(IV) ve Ce(III)'un ayrılması ve önderiştirilmesi amacıyla kullanılmış ve benzer sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Son olarak da geliştirilen metodun doğruluğunu ve kesinliğini tespit etmek amacıyla geliştirilen metot standart referans materyal (IAEA-Soil 7) numunesine uygulanmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar geliştirdiğimiz metodu desteklemiştir.Öğe Bazı Euphorbia türlerinin ağır metal ve türe özgü sekonder metabolit içeriklerinin LC-MS/MS, LC-MS-IT-TOF ve ICP-MS ile metot validasyonu ; antioksidan ve antikanser özelliklerinin belirlenmesi(2017) Yener, İsmail; Temel, HamdiEuphorbiaceae familyası dünyada ve ülkemizde çok fazla bulunan familyalardan biridir. Euphorbiaceae familyası 331 cins altında toplanmış yaklaşık 5000 türe sahip büyük familyalardan biridir. Euphorbiaceae familyasına ait Euphorbia L. cinsi, yaklaşık olarak 2 000 türle temsil edilmektedir. Özellikle yapılarında terpenoid, kumarin, steroid ve aromatik bileşikler içeriği bakımından zengin bir kaynak oluşturmaktadır. Euphorbia L. cinsinin ülkemizde 111 türü bulunmaktadır ve bu türlerden 14’ü endemiktir. Euphorbia cinsinin pek çok türü halk arasında tedavi amaçlı kullanılmaktadır. Bazı türlerin siğillere, deri kanserine karşı etkili olduğu, antiviral, antiflamatuar, antipiretik ve analjezik olduğuna dair çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bunların yanı sıra antitümör, antifungal, antibakteriyel ve sitotoksik etkilerinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu özelliklerin ise içerdiği terpenoid bileşiklerden ileri geldiğini gösteren pek çok sayıda yayın bulunmaktadır. Euphorbia cinsinin en belirgin özellikleri çok tahriş edici süt bulundurmalarıdır. Tahriş edici özellikleri, makrosiklik tipteki diterpenlerden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, halk arasında sütleğen olarak bilinen ve ıslah çalışmalarında geniş kullanıma sahip bazı Euphorbia türlerinin çeşitli kimyasal ve biyolojik parametreleri incelenmiştir. Yeni bir LC-MS/MS metodunun geliştirilmiş olmasının yanı sıra, çalışılan ekstreler grubumuz tarafından daha önce geliştirilen LC-MS/MS metodu ile fenolik içerikleri taranmıştır. GC-MS ile yağ asidi içerikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca ICP-MS ile ağır metal içeriği belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan ekstrelerin antioksidan ve sitotoksik aktiviteleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan tüm türlerin toplam fenolik içerik bakımından zengin, toplam flavonoid içeriği bakımından ise fakir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. E. macroclada türünün diğer türlere göre fenolik içeriği daha zengin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüm çalışılan antioksidan yöntemlerinde E.grisophylla türünün oldukça yüksek bir antioksidan potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. E. fistulosa dışındaki türlerin genel olarak antikolinesteraz aktivite göstermediği ya da düşük aktivite gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. E. falcata türünün sağlıklı hücre serisi üzerinde toksik etki göstermeyip DLD-1 hücre serisi üzerinde etki göstermesi kayda değer bir bilgi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan diğer Euphorbia türleri kayda değer sitotoksik etki göstermediği veya orta derecede sitotoksik etki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. LC-MS/MS taramalarına baktığımızda ise genel olarak çalışılan Euphorbia türlerinin kinik ve tannik asit’in yanı sıra rutin, hesperidin ve hyperosid gibi flavonoidler bakımından zengin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan türlerin ağır metal içeriklerine bakıldığında literatürde belirlenen değerlerden yüksek olduğu ve bu nedenle Euphorbia türlerinin ıslah çalışmalarında kullanıla bilme potansiyeline sahip olduğu söylenilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Euphorbia, Antioksidan, Stotoksite, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS, Ağır Metal Antikolinesteraz, Fenolik BileşiklerÖğe Bazı Salvia (Ada Çayı) Türlerinin HPLC-IT-TOF-MS ile Taranması, Sekonder Metabolitlerinin Saflaştırılması ve Antikanser Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi(2018) Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Yener, İsmail; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Temel, Hamdi; Topçu, Gülaçtı; Kandemir, Sevgi İrtegün; Kolak, UfukArazi çalışmaları sonucu toplanan 6 Salvia türünün ön biyolojik aktivite deneylerinde kullanılmak üzere kloroform ve etanol ekstreleri hazırlandı. Bu 12 ekstreden aktif çıkan etanol ekstrelerinden saf madde izolasyonuna gidilmiştir. Özellikle izolasyon çalışmaları için klorofil ve türevleri çok ciddi problemlere yol açmaktadır. En azından kök ksımlarının ekstreleri hazırlanarak izolasyon çalışmalarında klorofil ve türevlerinin neden olacağı problemlerin önüne geçilmesi düşünülmüştür. Toplanan türlerin LC-MS/MS ile fenolik içeriklerinin tespiti için çeşitli kısımlarının etanol ekstreleri hazırlanmıştır. Ayrıca bu türlerin yağ asidi bileşimini GC-MS ile belirlemek için petrol eteri ekstreleri hazırlandı. Bunlara ilaveten 3 yıl boyunca toplanan örneklerin uçucu yağı elde edilmiştir. 3 yıl boyunca toplanan örneklerin GC-MS ile uçucu yağ ve aroma içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan türlerin uçucu yağ verimlerinin, aroma ve uçucu yağ içeriklerinin yıllara bağlı olarak çok değişmediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca aroma ve uçucu yağ içeriklerinin daha çok monoterpenler bakımından zengin olduğu saptanmıştır. Yine GC-MS ile belirlenen yağ asidi içeriğinin de yıllara bağlı olarak çok değişmediği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Salvia türlerine özgü 19 bileşik ile yeni bir metot geliştirilerek valide edilmiştir. Üç yıl toplanan örneklerin bu bileşikler bakımından içerik tayinleri yine LC-MS/MS ile tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan Salvia türlerinin çeşitli kısımlarının farklı ekstrelerinin toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoit miktarları belirlenmiştir. Hazırlanan tüm ekstrelerin 4 farklı yöntemle antioksidan aktiviteleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan 6 Salvia türünün aktivite sonuçlarına baktığımızda genel olarak petrol eteri ekstrelerinin daha çok sadece ?-Karoten-linoleik asit yönteminde etanol ekstrelerinin ise kullanılan 4 yöntemde de aktif olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalıştığımız 6 Salvia türünün kloroform ve etanol ekstrelerinin sitotoksik aktivitesi MTT metoduna göre 3 hücre serisine karşı belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan 12 ekstrenin sonuçları genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde ancak yüksek konsantrasyonlarda HT29 ve MCF7 hücre serilerine karşı sitotoksik etki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Ekstrelerin sitotoksik etkilerinin düşük antioksidan etkilerinin yüksek çıkmasından dolayı izolasyon çalışmalarının antiokisdan kontrolü ile yapılmasına karar verilmiştir. Etanol ekstrelerinin kloroform ekstrelerine göre daha yüksek antioksidan aktivite göstermelerinden dolayı saf madde izolasyonuna bu ekstrelerden gidilmiştir. 5 Türden (Toprak üstü ve kök olmak üzere) hazırlanan 10 ekstre kolon kromatografisi ile fraksiyonlara ayrılmıştır. Bu fraksiyonlardan antioksidan aktiviteleri yüksek çıkanlardan izolasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. İzolasyon çalışmalarında 4?ü yeni olmak üzere toplam 52 bileşik elde edilmiştir. İzole edilen maddelerin antioksidan ve sitotoksik aktiviteleri tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak preperatif HPLC ile elde edilen maddelerin çok yüksek bir antiokidan kapasitye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Özellikle yüksek miktarda elde edilen 6,7-dehidroroyleanon bileşiğinin ve türevi olan asetil royleanon bileşiklerinin elde edilen terpenler içinde en yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yapısı bilinen maddelerden triterpen yapısında olan ursolik asit ve diterpen yapısında olan 6,7-dehidroroyleanon, asetil royleanon, ferruginol ve kriptanol bileşiklerinin yüksek bir sitotoksik potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ilk defa tarafımızdan saflaştırılıp yapısı tayin edilen 5 bileşik ise orta derece antioksidan aktivite gösterirken çok yüksek sitotoksik etki gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. Western Blot sonuçlarına göre çalışılan 5 türün de majör bileşiği olan rozmarinik asidin MCF-7 ve HT-29 hücre serisi üzerinde, metot validasyonu için standart olarak alınan kriptotanşinon bileşiğinin ise kanserli MCF-7 hücre serisi üzerinde umut verici sonuçlar verdiği görülmektedir.Öğe Bioguided isolation of secondary metabolites from Salvia cerino-pruinosa Rech. f. var. cerino-pruinosa(ACG Publications, 2021) Ertaş, Abdulselam; Çakırca, Hatice; Yener, İsmail; Akdeniz, Mehmet; Fırat, Mehmet; Topçu, Gülaçtı; Kolak, UfukAbstract: In the current study, the ethanol extracts prepared from the aerial parts and roots of an endemic species, Salvia cerino-pruinosa Rech. f. var. cerino-pruinosa were fractionated on silica gel columns and tested for determination of their antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) test assays. Twenty known secondary metabolites were isolated from the active antioxidant fractions; rosmarinic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), 4- hydroxybenzoic acid (4), benzoic acid (5), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (6), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,2- dicarboxylate (7), salvianolic acid A (8), salvianolic acid B (9), 7-acetylroyleanone (10), 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (11), ferruginol (12), inuroyleanol (13), 12-hydroxy-6,7-secoabieta-8,11,13-triene-6,7-dial (14), ursolic acid (15), oleanolic acid (16), taraxasterol (17), lupenone (18), β-sitosterol (19), and stigmasterol (20). Rosmarinic acid, which was obtained from the aerial parts, was found to be the best antioxidant compound among the isolated secondary metabolites in DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging, and CUPRAC assays (IC50: 1.20±0.04 µg/mL, IC50: 1.74±0.06 µg/mL, A0.5: 1.22±0.02 µg/mL, respectively). Chlorogenic and caffeic acids, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, salvianolic acids A and B, and inuroyleanol exhibited also high antioxidant activity in the mentioned assays.Öğe Biological and chemical comparison of natural and cultivated samples of satureja macrantha C.A.Mey(ACG Publications, 2021) Akdeniz, Mehmet; Yener, İsmail; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Fırat, Mehmet; Reşitoğlu, Barış; Haşimi, Nesrin; Kandemir, Sevgi İrtegün; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Demirköz, Aslı Barla; Kolak, Ufuk; Öksuz, SevilAbstract: In this study, investigation on the essential oils and ethanol extracts of naturally grown and cultivated Satureja macrantha samples were reported. The essential oil, flavour and terpenoid-steroid-flavonoid contents of S. macrantha samples were determined by GC-MS and their phenolic contents by LC-MS/MS. Besides, the biological activities of the samples were investigated for their antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antityrosinase, antiurease, antielastase and anticollagenase properties. The phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the cultivated sample were higher than those of the naturally grown sample. According to the GC-MS results, terpinene-4-ol (30.9%) and p-cymene (56.7%) were determined as the major components in the essential oils of the naturally grown and cultivated S. macrantha, respectively. The flavour analysis results showed that cis-sabinene hydrate (20.7%) and carvacrol (42.2%) were found to be the major components in the naturally grown and cultivated samples, respectively. While the naturally grown sample was rich in abietane diterpenoids (ferruginol (17.5 mg analyte/g extract) and sugiol (4.2 mg analyte/g extract)), these components were not detected in the cultivated sample. The rosmarinic acid content (0.20 and 24.87 mg analyte/g extract, respectively) of the cultivated sample was found to be significantly higher than that of the natural sample. The biological activities of the samples were determined to be changed in parallel with their chemical contents that are due to factors such as climatic conditions, and soil structure.Öğe Cannabinoids for SARS-CoV-2 and is there evidence of their therapeutic efficacy?(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council, 2021) Onay, Ahmet; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Süzerer, Veysel; Yener, İsmail; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Ayaz-Tilkat, Emine; Ekinci, Remzi; Bozhan, Nesrin; İrtegun-Kandemir, SevgiAbstract: To combat the coronaviruses and their novel variants, therapeutic drugs and the development of vaccines that are to be effective throughout human life are urgently needed. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) acts as a modulator in the activation of the microcirculation, immune system, and autonomic nervous system, along with controlling pharmacological functions such as emotional responses, homeostasis, motor functions, cognition, and motivation. The ECS contains endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptor (CBRs), and enzymes that regulate their biosynthesis, transport, and degradation. Moreover, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that mimic the action of endocannabinoids also play an essential role in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoids, the main constituents of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), are therapeutic compounds that have received international attention in the health field due to their therapeutic properties. Recently, they have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19 due to their antiviral properties. Indeed, cannabinoid-type compounds, and in particular cannabidiol (CBD), isolated from glandular trichomes found in the calyx of cannabis flowers with reported antiviral properties is hypothesized to be a therapeutic option in the ministration of SARS-CoV-2 consorted with COVID-19 disease. The relevant articles were determined from the database search published mainly in Web of Science, Google scholar, PubMed, Crossref, and ClinicalTrials.gov database during the pandemic period. The articles were evaluated for the therapeutic potentials, mechanisms of action of cannabinoids, the roles of the ECS in the immune system, impact of cannabinoids in SARS-CoV-2 septic, especially if they address the application of cannabinoids as drugs for the curability and management of SARSCoV-2 and its novel variants. Although the evidence needed to be considered using cannabinoids in the control and treatment of viral diseases is currently in its infancy, they already offer an opportunity for clinicians due to their effects in relieving pain, improving appetite, and improving childhood epilepsy, especially in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) patients. In addition to these, the most recent scientific evidence emphasizes their use in the treatment of the coronavirus infected patients. In brief, all preclinic and clinic studies that have been reported show that, through the cannabinoid system, cannabinoids, particularly CBD, have many mechanisms that are effective in the treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, more extensive studies are necessary in this area to fully identify the effects of cannabinoids on SARS-CoV-2.Öğe Chemical fingerprints and bioactivities of 12 Anatolian Achillea L. species by LC-MS/ MS with chemometric approach: novel phytonutrients, natural food preservatives and chlorogenic acid sources(Turkiye Klinikleri, 2022) Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Yener, İsmail; Türkmenoğlu, Fatma Pınar; Ölmez, Özge Tokul; Öztürk, Mehmet; Altun, Muhammed; Çakır, Oğuz; Tarhan, Abbas; Boğa, MehmetThe objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities and chemical fingerprint profiles of the extracts obtained from twelve Achillea L. species (A. lycaonica, A. biebersteinii (syn: A. arabica), A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi, A. schischkinii, A. millefolium subsp. millefolium, A. sintenisii, A. setacea, A. teretifolia, A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii (syn: A. santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii), A. nobilis, A. goniocephala, A. spinulifolia). The antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic effects were evaluated to investigate their bioactivity profiles. Furthermore, the total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined and LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to reveal the phytochemical profile of the investigated extracts. A. kotschyi and A. nobilis species were detected to have very high antioxidant potential as well as high total phenolic content (260.00 ± 3.38 and 282.97 ± 3.14 μg of PEs mg extract–1, respectively). According to the LC-MS/ MS results, A. kotschyi and A. nobilis species were found to contain very high concentrations of chlorogenic acid (55812.20 and 46407 μg analyte g extract–1). Besides, the bioactivities and phenolic composition of these species were chemometrically analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) techniques. It has also been determined that Achillea species generally exhibit quite high cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line. The studied species showed high urease enzyme activities.Öğe A comprehensive study on chemical and biological investigation of thymus brachychilus jalas: A rich source of ursolic and oleanolic acids(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Akdeniz, Mehmet; Yiğitkan, Serkan; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Yener, İsmail; Varhan Oral, Elif; Fırat, Mehmet; Orhan, İlkay ErdoğanThe significance of Thymus species in the scientific community is growing steadily due to their extensive utilization in traditional medicine, food industry, and pharmaceutical sector, owing to their abundance in essential oil and phytochemical content, rendering them commercially significant species. The current work focuses on conducting a comprehensive analysis of the ethanol extract and essential oil derived from the root and aerial portions of Thymus brachychilus Jalas, an endemic species that has not been previously investigated. Additionally, a novel GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) technique was developed to quantify the levels of triterpenoids, which are frequently found in many plants, particularly those belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The approach was then used to assess the triterpenoid content of the species. While the phenolic content of the species was determined by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry), the chemical composition of triterpenoid, essential oil and flavor (aroma) of the plant was determined by GC-MS. Eucalyptol was the primary ingredient in both the essential oil and the flavor, accounting for 11.05% and 12.35%, respectively. In the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging techniques, the root ethanol extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 26.70 +/- 0.23 and 19.16 +/- 0.11 mu g/mL, respectively. There was a high level of urease (59.54 +/- 1.67% at 100 mu g/mL) inhibitory activity observed in the root ethanol extract in enzyme inhibition assays, as well as angiotensin (94.80 +/- 0.56%), elastase (40.19 +/- 0.39%), and collagenase (48.26 +/- 0.12%) inhibition in the aerial ethanol extract. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell line for breast cancer had a strong cytotoxic impact when exposed to the essential oil of the species (vitality%: 1.45 +/- 0.01 at 200 mu g/mL. The LC-MS/MS and GC-MS studies revealed that the roots had a significant concentration of rosmarinic acid (15,801 mu g analyte/g extract), but the aerial portions had a substantial quantity of ursolic acid (152,374 mu g analyte/g extract). The plant exhibits potential in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors on account of its elevated levels of rosmarinic and ursolic acid, superior antioxidant capacity, and angiotensin and urease inhibitory effect.Öğe A comprehensive study on chemical and biological profiles of Algerian Azadirachta indica (A. Juss)(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Boukeloua, Ahmed; Leila, Soudani; Bendif, Hamdi; Elkadeem, Ahmed Mustafa; Boğa, Mehmet; Serralheiro, Maria Luísa; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Yener, İsmailThe study aimed to analyse the chemical and biological composition of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) (A. indica) leaves. Minerals were quantified using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Phenolic compounds and water-soluble vitamins were identified via LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS cation radicals and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), while anticholinesterase effect was tested against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results revealed significant levels of major elements (e.g., Zn, Cu) making it a promising source. Predominant phenolic acids included tannic and salicylic acid, with major flavonoids being hyperoside, kaempferol, and quercetin. Main water-soluble vitamins were nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and pantothenic acid, followed by pyridoxine, thiamine, and riboflavin. Ethanol extract exhibited moderate antioxidant activity (30.02 % inhibition of ABTS radicals; IC50 0.918 ?g/mL for CUPRAC and low inhibition of BChE and AChE (2.29 % and 3.17 % respectively). These findings highlight A. indica as a valuable natural source of nutritionally significant compounds and antioxidants. © 2024 Phytochemical Society of EuropeÖğe Cream production and biological in vivo/in vitro activity assessment of a novel boron-based compound derived from quercetin and phenyl boronic acid(Elsevier GmbH, 2022) Temel, Hamdi; Atlan, Metin; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Yener, İsmail; Akdeniz, Mehmet; Yazan, Zehra; Yılmaz, Mustafa AbdullahBoronic acids constitute an important class of synthetic intermediates due to their high chemical stability, ease of use, moderate organic Lewis acid properties, reduced reactivity profiles and numerous biological activities such as antibacterial and antioxidant. The present study documents the synthesis and characterization of a novel boronic ester compound (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2- (2-phenyl benzo [d] [1,3,2] dioxaborol-5-yl) −4H-chromen-4-a) which was derived from phenyl boronic acid and quercetin. The new boron-based compound was used in the cream formulation after evaluating its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-enzyme, anticancer activities and electrochemical oxidation behaviour. Furthermore, the cream has been dermatologically and microbiologically tested. Also, histological evaluation of the agent was estimated on multiple rat organs by hematoxylin-eosin staining method. Antioxidant potential of the new compound was tested by ABTS cation radical (IC50: 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL), DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50: 0.14 ± 0.01 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.5: 1.73 ± 0.16 µg/mL) methods, respectively. The compound determined to have a dominant antioxidant activity. In addition, the synthesized compound had no toxic effect on the healthy cell line (PDF), while having a very high (IC50: 18.76 ± 0.62 µg/mL) cytotoxic effect on the cancerous cell line (MCF-7). In general, the compound showed moderate acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity (IC50: 115.63 ± 1.16 µg/mL), high butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 3.12 ± 0.04 µg/mL), antiurease (IC50: 1.10 ± 0.06 µg/mL), and antithyrosinase (IC50: 11.52 ± 0.46 µg/mL) enzyme activities. In addition, the compound was found to be effective against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) bacteria studied at concentrations of 6.50 mg/mL. Moreover, the test results of the boronic ester compound used in the cream formulation demonstrated that it was microbiologically and dermatologically appropriate. Histologic analysis showed that the control group and experimental group were at similar properties without significant change. The phenyl boronic acid derivative compound synthesized from quercetin may have higher biological activity potential than quercetin. Due to the high biological activity potential of the synthesized compound, it has the potential to be used in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.Öğe A detailed biological and chemical investigation of sixteen schillea species' essential oils via chemometric approach(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2020) Yener, İsmail; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Ölmez, Özge Tokul; Akdeniz, Mehmet; Tekin, Fetullah; Haşimi, Nesrin; Alkan, Mehmet Hüseyin; Öztürk, Mehmet; Ertaş, Abdülselam; 0000-0002-2093-4949; 0000-0001-8932-4535; 0000-0002-0988-9462; 0000-0002-4090-7227; 0000-0002-0761-6436; 0000-0002-2193-8386Representatives of the Achillea genus are widely used as foods or nutraceuticals. Considering the increasing demand for herbal dietary supplements with health promoting effects, the objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils obtained from sixteen Achillea species (A. biebersteinii, A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii, A. aleppica subsp. zederbaueri, A. vermicularis, A. monocephala, A. nobilis, A. goniocephala, A. sintenisii, A. coarctata, A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi, A. millefolium subsp. millefolium, A. lycaonica, A. spinulifolia, A. teretifolia, A. setacea, and A. schischkinii). Anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase enzymes inhibition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxic and cytotoxic activities of obtained essential oils were investigated. DPPH activities were found to be very low in all studied samples, while ABTS and CUPRAC antioxidant activities were found to be moderate. In addition, all samples were found to have moderate anticholinesterase and antimicrobial effects. It has been determined that the studied species have low cytotoxicity and high toxicity. Besides, chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC/MS and the results were chemometrically analyzed. The chemometric analyses of Achillea species collected from nine different regions were accomplished by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) techniques. According to the PCA analysis, A. nobilis subsp. neilreichii was found to be different from all studied species in terms of essential oil composition. The major components found in these species were piperitone, camphor, alpha-terpinene, eucalyptol, artemisia ketone, endo-borneol, beta-eudesmol and verbenol. The fact that camphor was toxic and found in majority of the studied species stands out as a remarkable result.Öğe A detailed chemical and biological investigation of twelve allium species from Eastern Anatolia with chemometric studies(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2021) İzol, Ebubekir; Temel, Hamdi; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Yener, İsmail; Ölmez, Özge Tokul; Kaplaner, Erhan; Fırat, Mehmet; Ertaş, Abdülselam; 0000-0002-4090-7227; 0000-0001-9225-7425; 0000-0002-0988-9462; 0000-0002-2093-4949; 0000-0002-2193-8386Allium species are widely consumed as food all over the world. The phenolic profile of ethanol extracts of aerial parts and roots of 12 Allium species, collected from five different Eastern Anatolia regions, were studied using LC-MS/MS. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were also tested. The multivariate analyses were performed using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Seventeen of 27 standard compounds were detected in all Allium species. The major components were mainly identified as quinic acid, malic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid. The aerial parts possessed better antioxidant activity than roots. Aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense exhibited high cytotoxic activity against DLD-1 colon cancer cell lines (IC50 12.5 mu g/mL). A. shatakiense and A. vineale demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli (MIC 75 mu g/mL). According to chemometric analysis, differences were detected between aerial parts and the roots. The aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense could be potent in the pharmaceutical industry while A. shatakiense and A. vineale in the food industry after further investigations.Öğe Determination of antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase, and antielastase activities and aroma, essential oil, fatty acid, phenolic, and terpenoid-phytosterol contents of Salvia poculata(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Yener, İsmailIn this study, the essential oil, aroma, fatty acid, terpeneoid and phenolic contents of Salvia poculata were investigated. Additionally, antioxidant, toxic-cytotoxic activities of essential oil and the ethanol extracts were determined. Moreover, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase enzymes inhibition activities of the extracts were examined. In GC–MS studies, germacrene D (20.07 %), caryophyllene (17.57 %) and tricosanoic acid (17.01 %) were determined as the major components for essential oil, aroma and fatty acid compositions, respectively. Besides, according to the GC–MS and LC–MS/MS results, this species was determined to contain considerable amounts of ferruginol (9292.9 μg analyte/g extract) and rosmarinic acid (15612.08 μg analyte/g extract). In parallel with the high total phenolic and rosmarinic content of the species, its ethanol extract has a high antioxidant potential. It was determined that the species was not active against acetylcholinesterase enzyme, however, the root ethanol extract showed good activity (Inhibition%: 63.01 ± 1.12) against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. All extracts of the species were found to have fairly high anti-urease activity (Inhibition%: 89.67 ± 0.72), however, all extracts of S. poculata showed moderate and similar activities in anti-tyrosinase and antielastase activity assays. It can be deducted that the species has potential in food preservative and pharmaceutical industry due to its total phenolic and rosmarinic acid content, antioxidant capacity, antiurease and antibutyrylcholinesterase enzymes activity.Öğe Determination of enzyme inhibition potential and anticancer effects of pistacia khinjuk stocks raised in in vitro and in vivo conditions(MDPI, 2021) Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Batıbay, Hayri; Yener, İsmail; Yılmaz, Pelin Köseoğlu; Akdeniz, Mehmet; Kaplan, Alevcan; Ercişli, Sezai; Ertas, Abdulselam; Holubec, VojtechIn this study, antihypertensive, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities of in vivo (male and female) and in vitro samples (root, stem and leaf parts) of the Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were investigated comparatively. In this context, in vitro shoot cultures were obtained from germinated mature seeds. Then, the juvenile shoots were proliferated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). In terms of anticancer activity, the whole of the samples studied was found to have apoptotic effects against MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HT-29 (colon cancer) cell lines. The extracts obtained from in vivo female root parts showed better cytotoxicity than all the other tested extracts on MCF-7 (IC50: 31.86 +/- 1.40 mu g/mL) and HT-29 cell series (IC50: 59.60 +/- 0.69 mu g/mL). Even though all the samples showed a strong butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (BChE) activity, it was detected that none of the samples had shown acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (AChE). It was also determined that in vivo leaf samples of female trees had the highest BChE activity (Inhibition%: 75.20 +/- 1.50). All the samples showed a low-moderate level of urease and tyrosinase enzyme activity, while in vivo samples showed a significant level of the elastase enzyme activities (Inhibition%: 58.72 for female root extracts; 58.25 for female leaf extracts, at 50 mu g/mL concentration), and they were more active than the standard oleanolic acid (Inhibition%: 39.46 +/- 0.52). The antihypertensive activities as the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) of in vivo samples (Inhibition%: 95.88 for female stem extracts; 95.18 for female root extracts) were detected as close to the standard (Inhibition%: 96.64 +/- 1.85) used. In general, it can be stated that in vivo samples had higher biological activities compared to in vitro ones. Consequently, according to our results, it was concluded that in vitro stem parts of khinjuk pistachio could also be evaluated as an alternative new antihypertensive, antielastase and anticancer agent source.Öğe Determination of fingerprints contents of different extracts and parts of six endemic Salvia taxa by GC-MS: Source species for valuable compounds with drug or drug potential(Wiley, 2022) Akdeniz, Mehmet; Yener, İsmail; Dinçel, Demet; Fırat, Mehmet; Değirmenci, Dilek Karataş; Ertaş, AbdulselamPublic use of Salvia species and their importance in the scientific world is continually increasing. It is known that this use and the importance of Salvia species are mostly due to the terpenoid compounds that they contain. In this context, the terpenoid-steroid-flavonoid contents of extracts of six endemic Salvia (S. kurdica, S. pseudeuphratica, S. rosifolia, S. siirtica, S. cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa and S. cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis) species prepared with different solvents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Within the framework of the ingredient analysis, content analysis of the ethanol extracts of the root, branch, leaf and flower parts of the species collected in the same period between 2015 and 2017 years was performed. In general, extracts prepared with chloroform and ethanol were found to contain a wide variety of compounds while petroleum ether extracts were found to contain much less varied compounds. In addition, in general, root extracts are richer in terpenoid compounds than aerial part extracts. Some species can be used as source species in terms of ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, lup-(20)29-ene-2 alpha-hydroxy-3 beta-acetate, salvigenin and beta-sitosterol contents (52,114.28, 75,979.08, 101,247.41, 40,071.29, 33,952.13 and 34,010.90 mu g analyte/g extract, respectively).Öğe Development and validation of a novel LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of 19 fingerprint phytochemicals in salvia species: A chemometric approach(Oxford University Press, 2022) Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Yener, İsmail; Ölmez, Özge Tokul; Fırat, Mehmet; Temel, HamdiBeing traditionally utilized mainly as appetizers and herbal teas as well as used to ease abdominal pains, colds and gastrointestinal issues, the genus Salvia L. has gained significant consideration owing to its remarkable phytochemicals and industrial importance. The present study aimed to develop and validate an LC-MS/MS method for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of 19 fingerprint phytochemicals in six endemic Salvia species. The validation parameters of the developed LC-MS/MS method were repeatability (intermediate precision), recovery (accuracy), limits of detection and quantification, linearity and uncertainty (U% at 95% confidence level (k = 2)). Reversed-phase HPLC separation and mass spectrometry parameters were optimized for each analyte. Ethanol extracts of the studied Salvia species collected in three consecutive years were screened for their fingerprint phytochemicals by using the developed and validated LC-MS/MS method. Moreover, studied Salvia species were subjected to multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis techniques to demonstrate the variabilities in phytochemical contents by years and parts of the samples. Roots, flowers, leaves, branches and whole plant of the Salvia species collected in 2015, 2016 and 2017 were used for the analyses. It was observed that the roots and branches of Salvia species were similar in terms of their salvianolic acid A, caffeic acid, and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone components. Accordingly, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, salvianolic acid B, and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone were notable phytochemicals that were present in the studied Salvia species.Öğe Docking studies of natural product derived carvacrol type aromatic monoterpenes against COVID-19 and comparison with used synthetic drugs: Potential of carvacryl acetate against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)(Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2023) Kocakaya, Şafak Özhan; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Yener, İsmail; Arıca, Enes; Dinçel, DemetThe COVID-19 pandemic that broken out in 2020 is becoming more worrying for the world. Although there is no 100 % success against COVID-19, certain synthetic drugs are currently used despite various side effects. Therefore, studies on the discovery of new treatment alternatives come to the fore. Studies so far show that natural products are still important resources for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Plantderived essential oils are complex volatiles composed of various phytochemicals, mostly containing compounds such as sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, and phenylpropanoids. In this study, especially thymol and carvacrol compounds specific to the Lamiaceae (Labiate) family and aromatic monoterpenes derived from these compounds were modeled against COVID-19. Results were compared with remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and favipiravir used as synthetic drugs. Dock and molecular dynamics simulations analyzed these molecules’ potential inhibitor efficiency of the SARS-CoV2 Mpro . Lipinski parameters and Docking results were demonstrated that ligands carvacrol (2), carvacryl acetate (11) and cuminaldehyde (12) are potential inhibitors towardsCOVID-19. According to the results, it is seen that medicinal aromatic herbs, which contain these volatile components with the fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, have the potential to be used as supplements in the pharmaceutical industry.Öğe Essential oil contents of Hypericum linarioides , H. helianthemoides, and H. lydium with their biological activities: Importance of Hypericum genus in the cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries(Springer, 2023) Akdeniz, Mehmet; Yener, İsmail; Ertaş, Abdülselam; Dincel, Demet; Fırat, Mehmet; Kocakaya, Şafak Özhan; Yigitkan, Serkan; Türkmenoğlu, Fatma Pınar; Aydın, Fırat; Kolak, UfukIn the literature, more than 3000 studies have been carried out on species in the Hypericum genus in the last ten years, especially for H. perforatum. The importance of Hypericum species in traditional medicine and modern medicine is increasing day by day. From this point of view, the chemical composition of H. linarioides, H. helianthemoides, and H. lydium essential oils was analyzed by GC-MS/FID. In addition, their antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities along with their enzyme inhibitory potentials (cholinesterase, urease, tyrosinase, elastase and, collagenase) were defined. Also, in vitro and in silico studies of the major components of the species have been carried out on the studied enzymes. H. linarioides and H. helianthemoides were found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (63.96% and 43.86%, respectively), and H. lydium in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (48.41%). The major components were indicated as α-pinene for H. linarioides (50.39%) and for H. helianthemoides (36.84%), and β-selinene for H. lydium (10.12%). H. lydium essential oil exhibited very high cytotoxic activity on breast cancer (MCF-7) (selectivity indices SI: 12) and colon cancer (HT-29) (SI: 2) cell lines. In particular, the selectivity indice value in MCF-7 cell lines of H. lydium could have natural therapeutic potential for breast cancer. H. lydium possessed neuropharmacological potential due to its high anticholinesterase activity. Since H. linarioides indicated high anti-aging potential (tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase enzyme inhibitory activities), it could be used in the cosmetic industry.Öğe Essential oil, aroma, and fatty acid profiles of five endemic Salvia taxa from Turkey with chemometric analysis(Wiley-V C H Verlag GMBH, 2022) Ertaş, Abdulselam; Akdeniz, Mehmet; Yener, İsmail; Öztürk, Mehmet; Ölmez, Özge Tokul; Fırat, Mehmet; Kolak, UfukThe essential oil, aroma, and fatty acid compositions of Salvia cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa, S. cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis, S. pseudeuphratica, S. rosifolia, and S. kurdica collected in 2015, 2016, and 2017 were analysed by GC-FID, GC/MS/Head Space and GC/MS. The results were evaluated chemometrically for principal component analyses and hierarchical clustering analyses using Minitab program. The main components of their essential oils have been determined as germacrene-D (41.79 % highest for these species), camphor (55.80 %), linalool (33.38 %), caryophyllene oxide (32.99 %), 1,8-cineole (26.30 %) and geraniol acetate (31.63 %), while for aroma 1,8-cineole (45.95 % highest for these species), camphor (58.54 %), D-limonene (40.83 %), linalool (27.67 %) and cis-linalool oxide (25.87 %). Oleic (72.65 % highest for these species), erucic (44.61 %), 2-palmitoleic (42.17 %) and nervonic (32.61 %) acids were determined as major components of their fatty acids. According to the PCA and HCA, the essential oil components of these Salvia taxa unaffected by the years, and accordingly, the Salvia taxa grouped among themselves.
