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Öğe Methods and applications of Ab-initio calculations(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Balcı, Gülten KavakDensity Functional Theory (DFT) is a cornerstone in computational quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics, offering a powerful framework for understanding and predicting the properties of atoms, molecules, and solids. It provides a computationally efficient alternative by focusing on the electron density rather than the many-body wave functions, significantly reducing the computational cost while retaining accuracy. DFT has been successfully applied to a wide variety of materials and systems encountered in chemistry, physics, materials science and beyond. It also plays a crucial role in tackling many-body problems in quantum mechanics, offering a versatile and efficient approach to understanding the electronic structure and properties of complex systems. Many-body problems involve interactions between multiple particles, making traditional wave function-based methods computationally demanding, and often impractical for large systems. This book provides a comprehensive and accessible exploration of the principle, methodologies, and practical applications of ab-initio computational techniques in the fields of material science. Starting from the basics of quantum mechanics, the book introduces readers to the theoretical foundations necessary for understanding ab-initio methods. It then systematically covers various computational approaches, including density functional theory (DFT), Hartree-Fock theory, and post-Hartree-Fock methods, offering insights into their underlying principles, and advantages. Additionally, the reader is introduced to the many important roles of DFT in revealing the electronic structure of materials, including band structures, energy gaps, Fermi surfaces, and NMR studies as well as in determining the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of materials.Moreover, it highlights DFT's ability to accurately predict structural optimizations, phase transitions, and magnetic properties, offering invaluable insights into the behaviour of materials under diverse conditions. The editors believe that this book will serve as an indispensable resource for researchers, students, and practitioners who wish to leverage the predictive power of DFT in advancing scientific understanding and technological advances. © 2024 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Experimental and theoretical investigation of Zr-Doped CuO/Si solar cell(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2024) Gezgin, Serap Yiğit; Baturay, Şilan; Özaydın, Cihat; Kılıç, Hamdi ŞükürCopper oxide (CuO) is a nanostructured semiconductor material with the potential for solar energy conversion and can be suitable for solar cells when used as a thin film. Herein, nondoped and doped (doping ratios of 1%, 2%, and 3% zirconium [Zr]) CuO thin films on silicon (Si) with the spin-coating technique are developed. Optical and topological characterizations of CuO thin films are examined by ultraviolet-visible and X-ray diffraction. The electrical properties of nondoped and Zr-doped CuO/Si heterojunctions are investigated with experimental current–voltage measurements in the dark and under illuminated conditions. The electrical behavior of nondoped and Zr-doped CuO/Si heterojunctions is obtained using the experimental J–V technique and computational Cheung–Cheung and Norde methods. A simulation based on nondoped and Zr-doped CuO/n-Si heterojunction solar cells using SCAPS-1D is completed. Photovoltaic (PV) parameters of experimentally produced and theoretically calculated CuO and Zr-doped CuO/Si heterojunction solar cells are compared. Accordingly, PV parameters of 1% Zr-doped CuO/Si solar cells show the highest power conversion efficiency calculated as a function of interfacial defect density and hole carrier concentration.Öğe Study on interface properties of GaAs/AO/Al structures using the Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) method(Akademie Verlag Gmbh, 1993) Öztürk, Z.Z.; Ebeoğlu, M.A.Interface properties of GaAs/anodic oxide (AO)/Al structures with various anodic oxide films which are grown by using different electrolytes under constant current conditions are studied. The C-U, I-U, and thermally stimulated current measurements for these devices are carried out at various temperatures. Trap energy levels which are determined from TSC measurements indicate that there are As(Ga) antisite and probably As interstitial-type defects at the interface depending on the preparation techniques.Öğe Gravitational Higgs mechanism: The role of determinantal invariants(2012) Pirinççioğlu, NurettinThe Higgs mechanism for gravity, as proposed by 't Hooft (arXiv: 0708. 3184[hep-th]), can be improved by including determinantal invariants. In this work, we provide a detailed analysis of determinantal invariants in regard to their effects on the mass induction for graviton. We find that part of the potential that depends on the determinantal invariants, if obtains a specific form, can significantly influence the dependence of the graviton mass on the model parameters.Öğe Astronomik gözlemlerde yeni bir çağ: Kütleçekim dalga detektörleri(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2021) Binbay, Figen; Candan, İlhanKütleçekim dalgalarının varlığı Haziran 1916'da A. Einstein tarafından yazılan bir makalede öngörülmüştür. Söz konusu dalgalar ivmelenmiş kütleli cisimlerin sebep olduğu uzay-zaman eğriliğindeki tedirginmelerdir. 1960'lardan itibaren, bilim insanları bu dalgaları gözlemleyebilmek için çeşitli teknikler geliştirmişlerdir. Öngörüde bulunduktan yaklaşık 100 yıl geçmişken; 2015 yılının 14 Eylül günü Lazer Girişimölçerli Kütleçekim Dalga Gözlemevlerinin iki detektörü, eşzamanlı olarak bir enine kütleçekim dalga sinyali ölçmüşlerdir. Bir asırı bulan teorik ve teknolojik çalışmalar, özellikle Lazer Girişimölçerli detektörlü gözlemevlerinin bu başarısı bu derlemenin konusudur. Çalışmamızda ayrıca kütleçekim dalgalarının olası kaynaklarından ve bu dalgaları ölçmek için geliştirilen tekniklerden bahsedeceğiz. Bu teknikler evreni araştırmak için yeni bir pencere ve astronomik gözlemler için yeni bir çağın başlangıcı olmuştur.Öğe Influence of Mn doping on electrical properties of TiO2/Si heterojunction diode(De Gruyter Open Ltd., 2023) Baturay, Şilan; Biçer, Ömer; Gezgin, Serap Yiğit; Candan, İlhan; Gümgüm, Hadice Budak; Kılıç, Hamdi ŞükürIn this special work, two types of material, which are undoped and Mn doped TiO2 thin films, have been produced by spin coating technique, and then their structural, morphological and optical properties have been measured at different Mn doping rates. Four different doping ratios, undoped, 1, 3 and 5% Mn doped TiO2 have been both experimentally and theoretically investigated and some significant enhancements have been reported. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) such as dislocation density, strain, and crystallite size have indicated that undoped, 1, 3 and 5% Mn doped TiO2 thin films had the phase of anatase at 450 °C. It has been observed that the peak intensity of 3% Mn doped TiO2 films has decreased compared to undoped and 1% Mn doped TiO2 while the peak intensity has increased for 5% Mn doped TiO2. The refractive indices and dielectric coefficients of the undoped and Mn doped TiO2 thin films have also been calculated. The undoped and Mn doped TiO2/p-Si heterojunction diodes has exhibited photosensitive behaviour in the illuminated environment. 1% Mn doped TiO2/p-Si heterojunction diode indicated the highest photocurrent. The electrical parameters of all diodes have been calculated and compared to the conventional J–V and Norde methods. Additionally, 1% Mn doped TiO2/p-Si heterojunction diode has been modelled by using the SCAPS-1D program, and J ph values have also been calculated based on the shallow donor density (N D ). The experimental and theoretical J ph values of this diode were found to be compatible with each other.Öğe Sb katkılı CuO filmlerinin yapısal ve optik özellikleri(Akademik Perspektif Derneği, 2020) Baturay, Şilan(111) tercihli yönelimli Sb katkılı CuO ince film, çeşitli ağırlık oranlarında (ağırlıkça % 0, 1, 2 ve 3 Sb), soda kireç cam alttaşı (SLG) üzerine dönel kaplama tekniği kullanılarak büyütüldü. Farklı Sb katkısının CuO filmlerin yapısal, morfolojik ve optik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi, X-ışını difraksiyon (XRD) ünitesi, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve UV-vis spektrofotometresi kullanılarak kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Filmlerin X ışını kırınım spektroskopi çalışmaları, ince filmlerin tercihli yönelim boyunca polikristal doğaya sahip olduklarını göstermektedir. Tüm CuO ince film morfolojisi yüzeyde kusur olmaksızın homojen doğaya sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen CuO filmlerin geçirgenliği, Sb içeriğindeki artışla değişmiştir. Ultraviyole görünür bölge spektrofotometre ölçümleri, elde edilen filmlerin enerji bant aralığında 1.70'den 2.37 eV'ye kadar radikal bir şekilde artış olduğunu göstermektedir. Sb katkılı CuO ince film optik özelliklerinin önemli ölçüde değiştiği söylenebilir.Öğe Indium doping on the structural, surface and optical properties of CdS thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method(Balıkesir Üniversitesi, 2017) Baturay, ŞilanCdS nanostructures are important and useful materials for photovoltaic applications. In this paper, pure CdS and In doped CdS (CdS:In) thin films were fabricated on soda lime glass substrate using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method, to investigate the effect In concentration on the structural behavior, surface and optical properties of the CdS thin films by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Ultraviolet–visible (Uv-vis) spectrophotometry. X-ray diffraction patterns of the pure and In doped CdS films indicated that pure CdS film had a mixed of cubic and hexagonal structure with polycrystalline nature while In doped CdS had a hexagonal structure with polycrystalline nature. Increasing the In doping ratio improve the (002) preferential orientation. The optical properties of the In-doped CdS and pure CdS films showed that the energy band gap of the In-doped CdS is a slightly lower than the energy band gap of the pure CdS film. The surface properties of the films showed that all thin films are compact and uniform.Öğe Raman excitation of hydrogen molecules to v = 1 state(Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2021) Candan, İlhanCoherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) can reveal a molecule’s vibrational spectrum to a great extent. Instantaneous interaction of Stokes and pump beams stemming from powerful pulsed lasers excites a molecule’s vibrational modes in CARS. In this technique, combining two visible laser beams could create spectra resonances relating to vibrational transitions. In this work, Raman excitation of Hydrogen molecules to v = 1 state is achieved by CARS spectroscopy. CARS measurements are successfully carried out for H2 S-branch and Q-branch transitions using our laser system. This measurement proves the feasibility of CARS experiment which could be employed to excite molecules to a specific rovibrational state. Moreover, experiments conducted for CARS signal with respect to various gas pressures differing between 200 and 600 torr for S-branch transition of H2 molecule.Öğe Production of PbO thin film using Silar method and electronic and interface properties of Pb/PbO/p-Si MIS contacts(Virtual Co Physics Srl., 2022) Erdem, E.; Asubay, S.; Güllü, O.In this paper, using SILAR thin film technique, which is low cost and is easy to control, the lead oxide (PbO) thin film was grown onto both microscope glass and inorganic semiconductor silicon (Si) wafer after appropriate chemical cleaning processes. The coating stage was performed by keeping the solution at 80 celcius. After forming a PbO thin film on the silicon semiconductor, Pb metal was evaporated onto its upper surface. Optical, morphological and structural properties of the PbO thin film formed on glass were investigated. The electrical and interface characteristics of the Pb/PbO/p-Si MIS Schottky diode were investigated in the dark by using current-voltage (I-V), capacity-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) in 10kHz-2MHz frequency range and capacity-frequency (C-f) characteristics in 1kHz-10MHz frequency range.Öğe Reverse-engineered DBI-essence field in the rainbow gravity(INESEG Yayıncılık, 2022) Binbay, Fatma FigenThe current astrophysical data sets have implied that our universe has recently entered in an accelerated expansion phase. In literature, it is commonly thought that the late-time speedy enlargement behaviour is caused by mysterious dark contents (dark matter, dark energy and dark radiation) that cannot be observed directly. Although Einstein's General Theory of Relativity has provided very successful theoretical explanations and predictions, it cannot explain the aforementioned unusual nature of the cosmos. This situation has led scientists to try to create a new theoretical model for the nature of dark contents. The cosmological constant, scalar fields, unified energy densities, additional dimension idea and modified gravity theories are among the prominent point of views. In this research, mainly, the reverse-engineering method is taken into account in the rainbow gravity formalism for the DBI-essence scalar field dark energy model. As it is known, scalar field models can be introduced with the help of some fundamental physics theories, but these theories do not provide a direct way to write explicitly the self-interaction potentials that we encounter in scalar field models. Therefore, the reverse-engineering method used in this research takes significant role while writing the self-interaction potential of a scalar field model.Öğe Dönel kaplama yöntemi ile üretilen Ag katkılı CuO ince filmlerin yapısal, optik ve morfolojik özellikleri(Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2022) Baturay, Şilan; Candan, İlhanSon yıllarda, bakır (II) oksit (CuO) ince filmler benzersiz fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinden dolayı araştırmacılardan büyük ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışmada, gümüş (Ag) katkılı bakır oksit ince filmleri, çeşitli katkı oranlarında dönel kaplama tekniği uygulanarak cam alttaş üzerinde üretildi. Farklı gümüş katkısına bağlı olarak hazırlanan ince filmlerin yapısal, morfolojik ve optik özellikleri sırasıyla X-ışını kırınımmetresi (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve UV-VİS spektrofotometrisi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Ag katkılı CuO filmlerinin XRD desenleri, tüm ince filmlerin polikristal doğaya sahip tenorite yapılı olduğunu göstermiştir. En belirgin yönelimler için stres, düzlemler arası mesafe, kristal büyüklüğü ve dislokasyon yoğunluğu X-ışını kırınımı analizi kullanılarak hesaplandı. En fazla kristal büyüklüğü değeri (111) tercihli yönelimi için katkısız CuO filmine ait olup yüksek kalitede kristalliğe sahip olduğu söylenilebilir. SEM ölçümü, film yüzeylerinde çok küçük bir topaklama ile beraber, ince film yüzeylerinde homojen olarak dağılmış nanoyapı parçacıkların varlığını göstermektedir. SEM görüntülerinin sonucu atomik kuvvet mikroskopu (AFM) ile benzer yapıdadır. EDX bağlantılı FEI Quanta 250 FEG taramalı elektron mikroskopu ile filmlerin tabaka kalınlığı yaklaşık olarak 460 nm civarındadır. Ayrıca, elde edilen örneklerin optik özellikleri, UV-VİS spektrofotometrisi kullanılarak bant aralığı ölçümleri, soğurma ve geçirgenlik değerleri türünden analiz edildi. İnce filmlerin ultraviyole-görünür ölçümleri, oda sıcaklığında CuO ince filminin geçirgenlik ve soğurma değerlerinin Ag katkılanma sonucu değiştiği görülmektedir. Aynı şekilde enerji bant aralığı, artan Ag katkı oranına bağlı olarak değişti.Öğe Güncel gelişmeler ışığında kütleçekimsel alan denklemlerinin gözden geçirilmesi(Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi, 2019) Baturay, Şilan; Binbay, FigenGenel göreliliğin alan denklemleri Einstein tarafından 1915 yılında elde edildi. Genel görelilik teorisinin temeldenklemleri kütleçekimsel etkileşmeleri açıklar ve evrenin yapısını anlamak için modeller üretir. Kozmolojiksabiti içeren Einstein alan denklemleri bulunduğundan beri, çoğu fizikçi genel görelilik teorisi kapsamındakozmolojik terim λ ile ve evrensel kütleçekim sabiti �����������’deki değişim ile ilgilenmektedir.Bu çalışmada, enerji-momentum tensörü ile dört-boyutlu Lorentz manifoldu olan ve kütle, enerji vemomentumun varlığıyla kapsanan uzay-zaman eğriliği arasındaki ilişki araştırılmaktadır. Ek olarak, evrenin diğergörünümlerini tartışmak üzere Einstein alan denklemlerine odaklanıldı. Bu amaçla, Genel göreliliğin temelilkelerine dayanan kütleçekimsel alan denklemleri göz önüne alınmıştır. Daha sonra, genel görelilik teorisinin enönemli öngörülerinden biri olan ve son yıllarda saptanan kütleçekim dalgalarının özelliklerinden söz ederek,kütleçekim dalgalarının evrenin doğasını anlama konusunda sağladığı yeniliklerden bahsedilmektedir.Öğe Biosensor properties of plasmonic silver nanoparticles produced by the pld mechanism(International Engineering, Science and Education Group, 2021) Candan, İlhan; Gezgin, Serap Yiğit; Gündoğdu, Yasemin; Gümgüm, Hadice BudakPlasmonic metal nanoparticles (NPs), such as Ag, Au, Cu NPs, attract great interest due totheir notable applications in biological, and chemical sensing. Researchers have studied the plasmonicmetal NPs which have exceptional optical properties in a large spectral region. Metal NPs form aunique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak that is in the electromagnetic spectrum’s visible part. The peak of SPR firmly depends on the NP’s size, shape, dielectric constant, and medium that theparticle is in. Light interacts with nanoparticles that are smaller than the wavelength of incident lightin localized surface resonance. That leads Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) in which anoscillating local plasma around the NP with a certain frequency form. The LSPR detection is the mostcommon method for wavelength shift measurement. Since analyte absorption causes a significant change on the value of local dielectric constant, the LSPR peak shifts. It is known that biologicalmolecules such as proteins and antibodies can sensitively be detected while they affect the localdielectric environment. Therefore, Ag or Au based metal NPs can be used as a sensor with the help ofLSPR wavelength shift technique. Among the metal NPs, Ag has a relatively higher refractive indexsensitivity. Moreover, Ag NPs generate measurements that are more precise since they have a shaperLSPR peak. In our work, we produce plasmonic Ag NPs with various sizes and spherical shapes bymaking use of the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) mechanism. Subsequently, we have investigate theLSPR peaks of these NPs via the UV-Vis spectroscopy. Additionally, biosensor properties of plasmonicAg NPs are investigated by binding Protein A molecules to surface of the NPs. It is significant to mentionhere that we obtain an LSPR wavelength shift, which has a value around 100 nm/RIU.Öğe Modelling of the solar cell based CU2SNS3 thin film produced by spray pyrolysis(International Engineering, Science and Education Group, 2022) Gezgin, Serap Yiğit; Candan, İlhan; Baturay, Şilan; Kılıç, Hamdi ŞükürCu2SnS3 (CTS) thin film has been produced for 30 ccm sulphur flux rate at 30 minutes annealing durations at 550 oC temperature.CTS thin film’s crystalline structure has been investigated and crystalline size, lattice parameters, dislocation density and microstrain, crystalline number have also been determined.The CTS thin film’s morphological and optical properties have been examined and thoroughly interpreted.Mo/CTS/CdS/AZO solar cell has been modelled based on CTS thin film produced at the present work, using SCAPS-1D simulation programme.Voc, Jsc, FF, conversion efficiency and photovoltaic parameters have been determined depending on neutral defect density at the interface, coefficient of radiative recombination, Auger electron/hole capture’s coefficient and operation temperature of CTS solar cell.As a consequence of simulation study, ideal efficiency of CTS solar cell has been determined to be 3.72 % and all the data obtained in this study have been presented, interpreted and concluded to be original results.Öğe Structural, optical, and electrical characterizations of Cr-doped CuO thin films(Springer, 2022) Baturay, Şilan; Candan, İlhan; Özaydin, CihatThe polycrystalline copper oxide (CuO) thin films have been produced using the method of spin coating on the soda-lime glass (SLG) as well as the substrate of p-type Si (1 0 0) wafers at 500 degrees C in furnace. The obtained undoped and Cr-doped thin films of CuO have been comprehensively characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-vis (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, the current-voltage (I-V), and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics for providing information on quality of the crystalline nature, change in energy band gap and electrical properties, respectively. Structural analysis results obtained from XRD data demonstrate that CuO films in conjunction with Cr doping indicated that all thin films have monoclinic polycrystalline nature, with two main peaks of (- 111) and (111) with d(hkl) of about 2.52 and 2.32 angstrom, respectively. The transmittance and energy band gap values of undoped and Cr-doped thin films of CuO ranging in varying concentration ratio have been determined in the wavelength region of 300-1100 nm. The highest value has been found to be around 33% related to 3% Cr doping in the visible range. UV-Vis spectrum analysis results indicate that both transmittance value and energy band gap value of the CuO films are changed with the increase in Cr doping ratio in CuO solution at room temperature. The band gap energy was determined to be between 1.67 and 2.03 eV with the increase in Cr concentration. The I-V and C-V characteristics of Cr:CuO/p-Si diodes were associated with the CuO/p-Si diodes. Although the best rectification ratio (RR) is seen in the 1% Cr-doped diode (RR = 2.33 x 10(3) for +/- 1 V), other diodes also have significant rectification behavior. It is seen that doping of Cr had a significant change on the obtained devices' performance. Thus, the Cr:CuO/p-Si diodes generated by 1% Cr doping using spin coating method had the highest light sensitivity compared with those of the other diodes.Öğe Determinantal invariant gravity(World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd, 2019) Pirinççiogğlu, NurettinEinstein-Hilbert action with a determinantal invariant has been considered. The obtained field equation contains the inverse Ricci tensor, αβ. The linearized solution of invariant has been examined, and it is concluded that the constant curvature spacetime metric solution of the field equation gives different curvature constant for each values of σ. The σ = 0 gives a trivial solution for constant curvatureÖğe The influence of Ge substitution and H2S annealing on Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films(Elsevier, 2021) Ava, Canan Aytuğ; Ocak, Yusuf Selim; Asubay, Sezai; Çelik, ÖmerCu2Zn(Sn1-xGex)S-4 thin films (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1) were deposited by spin coating technique and annealed under 30 and 40 ccm H2S:Ar (1:9) flows to understand the influence of Ge atom content ratio and H2S flow rate during the annealing of thin films on morphological, structural and optical properties of Cu2Zn(Sn1- x Ge-x)S-4 thin films. It was seen that the Ge content has a strong influence on the structural and optical properties of the films. The crystal size of the films decreased sharply for Cu2Zn(Sn0.75Ge0.25)S-4 thin film and started to increase slowly owing to the formation of high dislocation density and strain in the structures. The Raman spectra show the formation of kesterite thin films and blue Raman shift with Ge substitution to the content. The films obtained under 40 ccm H2S:Ar (1:9) flows have weak secondary peaks associated with ZnS formation. The UV-Vis data showed the increase of optical bandgap from 1.52 to 2.05 eV with a rise in Ge ratio in the structures.Öğe Would an alternative gravity theory developed from an improved gravitational action approach includes negative kinetic energy dynamic degrees of freedom?(Elsevier, 2018) Binbay, Veysel; Binbay, Fatma FigenThe observed unexpected accelerating expansion of the universe, by Riess and his collaborators in 1998, has become one of the most important problems of the contemporary physics. A considerable effort has been spent by theoretical physicists to explain this observation for a while. When one looks at these attempts more closely, two of approaches attract attention: (i) Multi-dimensional alternative gravity models, (ii) Approaches which takes the more general and complex action than it is original Einstein-Hilbert form, which had been given as Ricci scalar R. The second type of these approaches must be examined carefully, because they could be generically involved dynamical degrees of freedom which possess negative kinetic energy (shortly called as ‘ghost states’ or simply ‘ghosts’). In this work, an alternative theory has been studied to understand if it contains ghosts or not. This alternative approach belongs to the second type of the approaches which mentioned above, and it is given as: where . And this model has been examined by this way to see if this specific alternative model could be used to explain the present time acceleration of the universe or not.Öğe Electrical and photoelectrical characterization of a TTF/p-InP organic–inorganic heterojunction(Microelectronic Engineering, 2014) Kilicoglu, Tahsin; Tombak, Ahmet; Ocak, Yusuf Selim; Aydemir, MuratTetrathiafulvalene (TTF) with C6H4S4 molecular formula was used in the fabrication of organic inorganic (OI) heterojunction. The Al/TTF/p-InP/Au-Zn structure was fabricated by forming a thin TTF organic semiconductor on p-InP inorganic semiconductor and evaporating of Al metal on the film. The characteristic parameters of the device were determined by using current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance voltage (C-V) measurements. Interface state density distribution was calculated from the I-V characteristics. The I-V characteristics of the device were also examined at 100 mW/cm(2) illumination intensity by the help of a solar simulator with AM1.5 global filter. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
