Fahreddîn er-Râzî’de kaza ve kader inancı
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Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Dicle Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kaza ve kader meselesi, İslam inancında önemli bir yere sahiptir. İslam’ın
bidayetinden itibaren bu mesele etrafında çeşitli fikir ayrılıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu
fikirlerden bir kısmı insanı yüceltirken, bir kısmı da insanı tamamıyla işlevsiz kılmıştır.
Tez ve antitez arasında sentez oluşturmaya çalışan bazı düşünürler ise, insanı
sorumlulukları bağlamında özgür, Allah’ın kudreti ve ilmi karşısında ise aciz olarak
değerlendirmek suretiyle orta yolu bulmaya gayret etmişlerdir.
Sentezci yaklaşımın kelam ilmindeki temsilcilerinin Ehl-i sünnet kelamcıları
olduğu söylenebilir. Ehl-i sünnet ekolünün yetiştirdiği en önemli simalardan biri olan
Fahreddîn er-Râzî, kaza ve kader meselesine bu perspektiften yaklaşmaya çalışmıştır.
Felsefî-kelam (memzûc) döneminin en önemli temsilcilerinden biri olarak o, kaza ve
kader konusunu aklî ve naklî delillerle izah etmeye çalışmıştır. Râzî, mensubu olduğu
Eş‘arîyye’nin kaza ve kader anlayışını eserlerine yansıtmıştır. Ne var ki o, Eş‘arî
geleneğinde ön plana çıkarılan “kesb” kavramı yerine, “cebr” lafzını kullanmayı tercih
etmiştir.
Kaza ve kaderi iman esaslarından biri olarak kabul eden Râzî, bu hususun ezeli
planda kesin bir hüvviyete kavuştuğunu ısrarla dile getirmektedir. Bu düşünceye bağlı
olarak onun kelamî sisteminde insan, “özgür görünümlü mücber varlık” şeklinde
tanımlanmaktadır. Yani insan, fiilin varlık sahasına çıkarılması bakımından muztar,
fiilin seçimi ve sorumluluğu bakımından ise faal ve etkindir. Ancak eserlerinde Allah’ın
ezeli takdiri, sonsuz ilmi ve kudreti ile ilgili hususlar güçlü bir şekilde dile getirilirken,
sorumluluk hususundaki ifadelerinin nispeten zayıf kaldığı gözlemlenmektedir.
The issue of qada and fate has an important place in Islamic belief. Various disagreements have emerged around this issue since the birth of Islam. While some of these ideas glorify humans, some of them render humans completely dysfunctional. Some thinkers trying to create a synthesis between thesis and antithesis have tried to find a middle way by considering humans as free in the context of their responsibilities and helpless in the face of God's power and knowledge. It can be said that the representatives of the synthetic approach in theology are Ahl al-Sunnah theologians. Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, one of the most important figures of the Ahl al-Sunnah school, approached the issue of qada and fate from this perspective. As one of the most important representatives of the philosophical-theological (memzûc) period, he tried to explain the issue of qada and fate with rational and narrated evidence. Râzî reflected the understanding of fate and fate of the Ash'ariyya, to which he was a member, in his works. However, he preferred to use the word "cebr" instead of the concept of "kesb", which is highlighted in the Ash'ari tradition. Râzî, who accepts qada and fate as one of the principles of faith, insists that this issue has attained a definitive identity in the eternal plan. Depending on this idea, in his theological system, human being is defined as "a free-looking forced being". In other words, man is responsible in terms of bringing the action into the realm of existence, and is active and effective in terms of the choice and responsibility of the action. However, while issues related to God's eternal providence, infinite knowledge and power are strongly expressed in his works, it is observed that his statements about responsibility remain relatively weak.
The issue of qada and fate has an important place in Islamic belief. Various disagreements have emerged around this issue since the birth of Islam. While some of these ideas glorify humans, some of them render humans completely dysfunctional. Some thinkers trying to create a synthesis between thesis and antithesis have tried to find a middle way by considering humans as free in the context of their responsibilities and helpless in the face of God's power and knowledge. It can be said that the representatives of the synthetic approach in theology are Ahl al-Sunnah theologians. Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, one of the most important figures of the Ahl al-Sunnah school, approached the issue of qada and fate from this perspective. As one of the most important representatives of the philosophical-theological (memzûc) period, he tried to explain the issue of qada and fate with rational and narrated evidence. Râzî reflected the understanding of fate and fate of the Ash'ariyya, to which he was a member, in his works. However, he preferred to use the word "cebr" instead of the concept of "kesb", which is highlighted in the Ash'ari tradition. Râzî, who accepts qada and fate as one of the principles of faith, insists that this issue has attained a definitive identity in the eternal plan. Depending on this idea, in his theological system, human being is defined as "a free-looking forced being". In other words, man is responsible in terms of bringing the action into the realm of existence, and is active and effective in terms of the choice and responsibility of the action. However, while issues related to God's eternal providence, infinite knowledge and power are strongly expressed in his works, it is observed that his statements about responsibility remain relatively weak.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kelam, Kaza, Kader, Fiil, Râzî, Kalam, Qada, Fate, Act, Al-Râzî
Kaynak
Dicle İlahiyat Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
26
Sayı
2
Künye
Akdeniz, A. (2023). Fahreddîn er-Râzî’de kaza ve kader inancı. Dicle İlahiyat Dergisi, 26(2), 292-311.
