Role of Maturity in Controlling the Composition of Solid Bitumens in Veins and Vugs from SE Turkey as Revealed by Conventional and Advanced Geochemical Tools

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dc.contributor.authorHosseini, S. Hossein
dc.contributor.authorHorsfield, Brian
dc.contributor.authorPoetz, Stefanie
dc.contributor.authorWilkes, Heinz
dc.contributor.authorYalcin, M. Namik
dc.contributor.authorKavak, Orhan
dc.date.accessioned2024-04-24T16:19:05Z
dc.date.available2024-04-24T16:19:05Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.departmentDicle Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractSolid bitumens found in veins and cracks may have formed from once liquid petroleum by thermal chemical alteration such as maturation or by oxidative processes associated with thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), biodegradation, or weathering. In this study, we investigated 22 solid bitumen samples from 17 different veins in the Sirnak Province in southeast Turkey using conventional and advanced geochemical tools with respect to their formation. Southeast Turkey is located in an active collision zone from the Alpine orogeny, and compressional pressure occurred with different intensities across the region, generating an overall increase in maturation from west to east. Special focus was paid to the characterization of polar compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (NSO) of high molecular weight using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in negative ion mode (ESI-FT-ICR-MS). The results indicate that, among possible secondary processes, thermal stress plays the major role in transforming solid bitumen compositions across the region after their initial emplacement in subsurface veins and vugs. Hydrogen Index values and amounts of extractable organic matter correlate well with T-max. A progressive shortening of n-alkyl chains and increasing proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons are observed by pyrolysis-GC. While common maturity ratios based on saturated biomarkers are at equilibrium or saturated biomarkers are below the detection limit for samples with T-max > 450 degrees C, those based on aromatic hydrocarbons, such as phenanthrenes or alkyldibenzothiophenes, are useful to describe the whole range of thermal chemical alteration. ESI-FT-ICR-MS results reveal a dominance of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (NySz) with 1-2 pyrrolic nitrogen atoms and 0-2 thiophenic sulfur atoms and nitrogen only (N-y) compounds with 1-2 pyrrolic nitrogen atoms. Condensation, aromatization, and side-chain cracking reactions of NSO compounds take place with ongoing maturation, as indicated by double bond equivalent and carbon number distributions. At highest maturation levels, side-chain cracking has proceeded so far that further condensation and aromatization processes are not possible, which can be interpreted as an indication that solid bitumens have formed from migrated, reservoired petroleum and not from source rock kerogen. An increase in oxygen containing compounds indicates oxidation processes which most likely occurred after emplacement.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01903
dc.identifier.endpage2413en_US
dc.identifier.issn0887-0624
dc.identifier.issn1520-5029
dc.identifier.issue3en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85018353141
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage2398en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01903
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11468/16392
dc.identifier.volume31en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000396970400031
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAmer Chemical Socen_US
dc.relation.ispartofEnergy & Fuels
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessen_US
dc.subject[No Keyword]en_US
dc.titleRole of Maturity in Controlling the Composition of Solid Bitumens in Veins and Vugs from SE Turkey as Revealed by Conventional and Advanced Geochemical Toolsen_US
dc.titleRole of Maturity in Controlling the Composition of Solid Bitumens in Veins and Vugs from SE Turkey as Revealed by Conventional and Advanced Geochemical Tools
dc.typeArticleen_US

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