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Öğe Current status and conservation of Pistacia germplasm(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2010) Ozden-Tokatli, Y.; Akdemir, H.; Tilkat, E.; Onay, A.The genetic erosion of Pistacia germplasm has been highlighted in many reports. In order to emphasize this and to focus more attention on this subject, national and international (especially IPGRI and IFAR) institutions have initiated projects proposing to characterize, collect and conserve Pistacia germplasm. Therefore, this paper reviews recent research concerning conventional (in situ and ex situ) and unconventional biotechnological conservation strategies applied to the preservation of Pistacia germplasm. As regards conventional conservation, the majority of germplasm collections of Pistacia species are preserved on farms (in situ) and in seed and field genebanks (ex situ), as well as in the wild, where they are vulnerable to unexpected weather conditions and/or diseases. Hence, complementary successful unconventional in vitro methods (organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and micrografting) and slow-growth storage conditions for medium-term preservation of Pistacia are presented together with the morphological and molecular studies carried out for the characterization of its species in this review. Moreover. special attention is additionally focused on cryopreservation (dehydration- and vitrification-based one-step freezing techniques) for the long-term preservation of Pistacia species. Possible basic principles concerning the establishment of a cryobank for the successful conservation of Pistacia germplasm are also discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of the Fatty Acid Composition of the Fruits and Different Organs of Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus L.)(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Akdemir, O. F.; Tilkat, E.; Onay, A.; Keskin, C.; Bashan, M.; Kilinc, F. M.; Kizmaz, V.This paper reports the fatty acid composition of the oil extracts from seeds and in vivo and in vitro grown organs of Pistacia lentiscus L. were determined by using gas chromatography. The main fatty acids were linoleic (LA), palmitic (PALM), oleic (OLA) and linolenic (ALA) acids in the fruits, resins and in both in vivo and in vitro grown root, leaf and stem sections of male or female tree. The major fatty acids were represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounting for 56.94 %, 64.44 % and 55.57 % in root, leaf and stem part of male tree grown in vivo, respectively. The prominent class of fatty acid composition of different male organs of P. lentiscus L. regenerated in vitro was represented by PUFA accounting for 63.24 %. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), OLA and PUFA, LA were determined in the oils of the two genotypes studied.Öğe Development of Synthetic Seed Technology for the Conservation of Pistachio Germplasm(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2011) Akdemir, H.; Ozden-Tokatli, Y.; Tilkat, E.; Yildirim, H.; Onay, A.Synthetic seed (synseed) technology using artificially encapsulated somatic embryos, shoot buds, cell aggregates, organogenic or embryogenic calli has become an important tool for micropropagation. Synseeds have multiple advantages for propagation including ease of handling, higher scale-up potential, low cost production, disease eradication, and potential medium- and long-term conservation. Because of those advantages, there are several papers published about slow growth storage and/or cryopreservation of different plant germplasms using encapsulated micropropagules. Although pistachio has important economical value, especially for Mediterranean countries where its largest cultivation is found, today it is under the threat of genetic erosion. Hence in this study, we aimed to develop efficient medium-term conservation procedure via encapsulation of shoot tips of Pistacia vera L. Uzun and Kirmizi as shoot tips have higher mitotic activity in the meristem. For the encapsulation procedure, shoot tips were mixed with 2.0 and 3.0% (w/v) sodium alginate (gelling agent) in liquid Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium including 0.09 or 0.4 M sucrose and transferred drop by drop to liquid MS medium supplemented with 100 mM calcium chloride (complexing agent) and held for 25 min for bead formation. Then, synseeds containing the shoot tips were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg L-1 gibberellic acid (GA(3)) for plant retrieval. As synseeds prepared with using 3.0% sodium alginate in MS medium including 0.4 M sucrose was more strict and gave higher regeneration percentages (100% for Uzun and Kirmizi), these concentrations of gelling agent were used for slow growth storage of pistachio shoot tips for 6, 9 and 12 months in dark at 4 degrees C. Studies are now underway to develop long-term conservation strategies of pistachio germplasm via encapsulation-vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration techniques.Öğe Direct shoot organogenesis from in vitro-derived mature leaf explants of pistachio(Springer, 2009) Tilkat, E.; Onay, A.An efficient system was developed for direct plant regeneration from in vitro-derived leaf explants of Pistacia vera L. cv. Siirt. The in vitro procedure involved four steps that included (1) induction of shoot initials from the regenerated mature leaf tissue, (2) regeneration and elongation of shoots from the shoot initials, (3) rooting of the shoots, and (4) acclimatization of the plantlets. The induction of shoot initials was achieved on an agarified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented in different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The best medium for shoot induction was a MS medium with 1 mgl(-1) IAA and 2 mgl(-1) BA. Numerous shoot primordia developed within 2-3 wk on the leaf margin and the midrib region, without any callus phase. In the second step, the shoot clumps were separated from the leaf explants and transferred to a MS medium supplemented with 1 mgl(-1) BA, resulting in a differentiation of the shoot initials into well-developed shoots. The elongated shoots (> 3 cm long) were rooted on a full-strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mgl(-1) of indole-3-butyric acid in the third stage. Finally, the rooted plants were transferred to soil with an 80% success rate. This protocol was utilized for the in vitro clonal propagation of this important recalcitrant plant species.Öğe Effects of different concentrations of benzylaminopurine on shoot regeneration and hypericin content in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra.(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2009) Karakas, O.; Toker, Z.; Tilkat, E.; Ozen, H. C.; Onay, A.The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of different benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on the accumulation of bioactive hypericin in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. via micropropagation. To achieve this objective, seeds of H. triquetrifolium Turra. were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with a BAP (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0), 3% sucrose and 5.5% agar. Apical tips of axenic germinated seeds were proliferated on a MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L(-1)). The highest shoot number was obtained from a MS medium supplemented with a 2.0 mg L(-1) BAP. Hypericin percentages were found to be highest in a 1.0 mg L (1) BAP supplemented medium. These results provide the indication that cytokinin BAP can change the chemical composition of H. triquetrifolium Turra.; thereby, seriously impacting the quality and the efficacy of natural plant products produced by an in vitro culture system for aseptic production of hypericin.Öğe Genetic Instability of Long-term Micropropagated Mature Pistachio(Springer, 2014) Akdemir, H.; Suzerer, V.; Tilkat, E.; Onay, A.; Ciftci, Y. Ozden[Abstract Not Available]Öğe An Improved Micropropagation Protocol for Pistacia lentiscus(Springer, 2013) Yildirim, L. H.; Suzerer, V.; Onay, A.; Ciftci, Y. Ozden; Tilkat, E.; Koc, I.; Akdemir, O. F.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Improved Shoot Multiplication of Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus L.) Using Different Carbohydrates and Media(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2014) Kilinc, F. M.; Suzerer, V.; Ciftci, Y. Ozden; Koc, I.; Akdemir, H.; Yildirim, H.; Tilkat, E.The aim of this study is to determine the effects of four cloned genotypes on efficient in vitro proliferation procedure by assessing the influence of different carbohydrates and medium types and their strengths to reveal whether they stimulate or inhibit shoot multiplication. Shoot multiplication was generally optimum on a modified full-length MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA with subculture at 4-week intervals for all four tested clones. Shoot tips grown on 3% fructose medium produced more and longer shoots than those on sucrose, lactose or glucose in the clone 2. In this treatment, the maximum number of shoots per explant (3.62) was recorded on MS medium containing 1 mg/L BA. The maximum shoot proliferation (100%) together with the highest number of shoots per explant (3.60) was recorded on 1/2x MS medium containing 1 mg/L BA. In this context, the result of the clone 2 was superior to those of the rest of the clones tested. In vitro propagated microshoots were transferred to 1 mg/L IBA containing MS medium for rooting and acclimatized to in vivo conditions. This is the first report on the effect of carbohydrates and medium types and their strength on shoot multiplication and provides a basis for further research in the improvement of lentisk micropropagation.Öğe In Vitro Conservation and Cryopreservation of Turkish Pistachio Germplasm(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2011) Ozden-Tokatli, Y.; Akdemir, H.; Kaya, E.; Tilkat, E.; Yildirim, H.; Onay, A.The most important biotechnological methods that can be applied as a complementary strategy to safeguard pistachio germplasm comprise the use of plant tissue culture systems (organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis) and in vitro conservation strategies which include both slow growth storage and cryopreservation (storage of cells and tissues at ultra low temperatures using liquid nitrogen) techniques. As regards slow growth storage, studies were initially conducted to develop appropriate medium-term conservation techniques with maintaining in vitro cultures of mature Atli and Siirt cultivars on standard culture medium at 4 degrees C in dark for 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in the present study. Moreover, cryopreservation of seeds of Siirt, Kirmizi, and wild type of P. vera L. was also carried out by using dehydration and one-step freezing technique. Our results showed that it was possible to conserve microshoots of pistachio up to 12 months at 4 degrees C without severe loss of viability and regeneration frequency of cryopreserved seeds of pistachio was 26 - 78% germination. As the applied cryogenic technique does not require any specialised equipment, the developed protocol faciliated especially the handling and maintaining of pistachio seeds while ensuring the preservation of pistachio germplasm ad infinitum.Öğe In Vitro Micrografting of Mastic Tree, Pistacia lentiscus L.(Springer, 2014) Suzerer, V.; Onay, A.; Kilinc, F.; Ciftci, Y. Ozden; Uncuoglu, A. Altinkut; Akdemir, H.; Tilkat, E.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe In Vitro Production of Anticancer Phenolic Com-pounds from Lentisk, Pistacia lentiscus L.(Springer, 2015) Suzerer, L. V.; Onay, S.; Yilmaz, M. A.; Ertas, A.; Onay, A.; Ersali, Y.; Tilkat, E.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Micrografting of almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cultivars Ferragnes and Ferraduel(Elsevier, 2010) Yildirim, H.; Onay, A.; Suzerer, V.; Tilkat, E.; Ozden-Tokatli, Y.; Akdemir, H.The success of various in vitro micrografting techniques, establishment of the rootstock, size of the microscion, and the effects of culture medium on the grafted seedling development for almond cultivars Ferragnes and Ferraduel were studied. In vitro germinated wild almond seedlings developed from seeds were used as rootstocks. Shoot culture initiation was successfully achieved from the above almond cultivars by culturing mature shoot tips from forced nodal buds, about 3-5 mm. on 0.7 mg/L BA and 0.01 mg/L NAA containing a MS medium. The regenerated adventitious shoots from in vitro cultures were maintained and proliferated by sub-culturing on a fresh medium every three to 4 weeks. Regenerated shoot tips, which were micrografted onto in vitro seedlings, resulted in the restoration of shoot proliferation. The results indicated that the most successful method for the grafting of tested almond cultivars was slit micrografting. High levels of micrograft take were achieved with all ranges of scions (4-15 mm) obtained from the regenerated shoot tips. Slow growth and lack of axillary shoot development on the micrografts were noticeable when the micrografts were cultured on hormone-free germination medium. In vitro micrografted planners were successfully acclimatized and no problems were encountered with the establishment of micrografted plants in vivo. The developed technique has demonstrated a high potential for application in the micropropagation of almond cvs. Ferragnes and Ferraduel and thereby, represents a feasible method for the renewal of almond orchards in Turkey and elsewhere in the world. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Micropropagation of Mature Khinjuk Pistachio, Pistacia khinjuk Stocks.(Springer, 2015) Ersali, Y.; Suzerer, V.; Tilkat, E.; Onay, A.; Uncuoglu, A. A.; Ciftci, Y. O.; Kilinc, F. M.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Micropropagation of mature male pistachio Pistacia vera L.(Headley Brothers Ltd, 2008) Tilkat, E.; Onay, A.; Yildirim, H.; Ozen, H. CetinFactors affecting the successful rapid proliferation and rooting of male pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cv. Ath, were studied. The most suitable type of cytokinin [6 benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), or thidiazuron (TDZ)], and the effect of eight different concentrations of BA (0.0675, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg l(-1)) were evaluated to optimise shoot proliferation. The auxins alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), each at 2.0 mg l(-1), or different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg l(-1)) of IBA, and the effect of explant size (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 cm) were assessed for root induction. The highest number of new microshoots per explant (5.64 +/- 0.07) was obtained 4 weeks after culturing on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l(-1) BA. Again, shoot length was highest in 1.0 mg l(-1) BA, and decreased as the BA concentration increased. IBA was most effective in promoting root formation. The highest rooting frequency (73%) of microshoots was recorded for explants 4.0 cm in length, 4 weeks after culturing. In vitro-rooted plantlets were transferred to polyethylene pots filled with a 1:1:1 (v/v/v) mixture of soil, sand and peat. This treatment resulted in 90% survival of plantlets, which were acclimatised in a greenhouse.Öğe Micropropagation of Pistachio: The Wave of the Future?(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2011) Onay, A.; Suzerer, V.; Yildirim, H.; Tilkat, E.; Akdemir, H.; Ozden-Tokatli, Y.The aim of this review is concerned with the novel in vitro methods published for micropropagation and conservation of pistachio. Since the first publication by Barghchi in 1982, there have been considerable biotechnological advances in both micropropagation and conservation of pistachio germplasm. All of those studies revealed that the success of biotechnological approaches is dependent on regeneration of mature pistachio trees following successful culture initiation, generally by micropropagation. This review is focused upon the novel in vitro methods published for micropropagation and conservation of pistachio in which contributions of Barghchi, Abousalim, Onay, Parfitt, Tilkat and Ozden-Tokatli and others are discussed in a historical perspective. Examples of all aspects of micropropagation (shoot tip culture, somatic embryogenesis and adventive organogenesis) and currently employed uses of pistachio tissue culture, especially practical applications of micropropagation, which enable the pistachio industry to transition into an evaluation of what lies ahead, are also presented. Our work of over 20 years of experience will be presented in relation to past accomplishments, while presenting newer technologies and developments that may provide researchers with knowledge allowing them to determine the practicality and economic validity for micropropagation to become the wave of the future for large-scale commercial propagation of pistachios.Öğe Plant Production through Adventive Organogenesis of Mature Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. Cultivars 'Atli' and 'Siirt'(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2011) Tilkat, E.; Akdemir, H.; Ozden-Tokatli, Y.; Yildirim, H.; Suzerer, V.; Onay, A.A method was developed for direct plant regeneration from in vitro-derived leaf explants of Pistacia vera L. cvs. Siirt and Atli. The in vitro adventive organogenesis involved six steps that included (1) explant disinfection, (2) the addition of cytokinins (benzyladenine; BA, Kinetin; Kin) for the in vitro installation of mature shoot tips, and the successful rapid proliferation of shoot initials, (3) induction of shoot initials from the regenerated mature leaves, (4) regeneration and elongation of shoots from the shoot initials, (5) rooting of the shoots and (6) acclimatization of the plantlets. Exudation of phenolics was not observed when the rinsed shoot tips were washed twice, in sterile distilled water, on a shaker at 150 rpm for 1 hour. Explants on the Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented with 1 mg L-1 BA produced the highest number of shoots and longest shoots in the second step. Leaves excised from axenic shoot cultures of pistachio were used to induce adventive organogenesis on a MS medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented with combinations of different concentrations and combination of BA and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In the third stage, the best medium for shoot induction in both cultivars was MS medium with 1 mg L-1 IAA and 2 mg L-1 BA. For shoot multiplication, the highest number of new microshoot/ explants for male and female was obtained in a culture medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 BA, but it was not significantly different from the number obtained at 2 mg L-1 BA in the fourth step. The elongated shoots (>4 cm long) were rooted on a full-strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the fifth step. Finally, the rooted plants were transferred to soil. This protocol could be utilized for in vitro clonal propagation of this economically important plant.Öğe Prevention of Shoot Tip Necrosis Responses in In Vitro-proliferated Mature Pistachio Plantlets(Springer, 2012) Akdemir, H.; Yildirim, H.; Tilkat, E.; Onay, A.; Ciftci, Y. Ozden[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Somatic Embryogenesis in Pistachio(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2011) Onay, A.; Suzerer, V.; Yildiriim, H.; Tilkat, E.; Akdemir, H.; Ozden-Tokatli, Y.Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration are fundamental to improve tissue culture biotechnology in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Hence, this study summarizes the research carried out in pistachio for induction of somatic embryogenesis together with discussing the current status of this technique in pistachio micropropagation. Moreover, it gives a contemporary interpretation of the process of the somatic embryogenesis. Attention has been focused on the influence of factors such as genotype, explant type, media composition, growth regulators, carbohydrate nutritions and treatment periods and interactions of some of these factors on the induction of somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of embryogenic cultures, development, maturation and germination of somatic embryos as well as transplantation of somatic seedlings into in vivo conditions. Although induction, development, maturation and germination of somatic embryos is being controlled to some extent in pistachio, high frequency regeneration, synchronous development of embryos and transplantation to the field were not very successful. As optimisation of an efficient tissue culture and plant regeneration protocol for pistachio is the first step towards the application of transgenic technology to improve pistachio breeding, further studies should be carried out initially to enhance frequency of regeneration from somatic embryos.
