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Öğe Anatomical and scanning electron microscopic characteristics of the oropharyngeal cavity (tongue, palate and laryngeal entrance) in the southern lapwing (Charadriidae: Vanellus chilensis, Molina 1782)(Wiley, 2015) Erdogan, Serkan; Perez, WilliamThis investigation aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of the tongue, palate and laryngeal entrance of southern lapwing by gross anatomy and scanning electron microscopy. For this purpose, the organs of three birds were used as material. Numerous densely distributed acicular projections were found on the lingual apex. Papillary crest consisting of sharp conical papillae were observed between the body and root of the tongue. Conical papillae of the lateral border of the papillary crest were triangular in form, and other conical papillae of the papillary crest were shorter in form. There were no papillary projections or papillae on the smooth surfaces of the lingual body and radix. On the median part of the palate, larger conical papillae, which were directed caudally, also surrounded entrance of the choanal cleft. The transversal papillary rows of conical papillae were observed between the rostral and caudal parts of the choanal cleft and on the caudal border of the infundibular cleft. The laryngeal entrance was surrounded by smooth mucosa without conical papillae. However, in the caudal border of the glottic fissure, there was a conical papillary row formed by numerous conical papillae. There were no anatomical differences between female and male birds.Öğe Anatomical and scanning electron microscopic studies of the tongue and lingual papillae in the chital deer (Axis axis, Erxleben 1777)(Wiley, 2014) Erdogan, Serkan; Perez, WilliamThis research presents the first definitive anatomical description of the tongue and lingual papillae of the chital deer. In this study, tongues of five deer were used. The tongue was fairly elongated and terminated in oval apex. Cone-shaped filiform papilla was composed of one larger main papilla and two smaller secondary papillae, which emerged from bottom of main papilla. Rounded fungiform papillae were randomly distributed on the body and torus, and some fungiform papillae were surrounded by evident groove. On the ventral surface, some of them had evident fossa on their surfaces. The lenticular papillae on the lateral and rostral side of the torus were smaller in length compared with ones localized on central region of the torus. Eleven to fourteen circumvallate papillae were situated on each caudolateral side of the torus. The circumvallate papillae were surrounded by a prominent gustatory groove and there were no annular pads surrounding the groove. Morphological features of the tongue of the chital deer were similar to some wild and domestic ruminants. In this regard; it is thought that this research will provide morphological contributions for deer species as there are not sufficient and detailed sources on species-specific morphology in researches on Cervidae family.Öğe The branching pattern of the aortic arch in the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus Cretzschmar 1829)(Springer, 2014) Erdogan, Serkan; Kilinc, MehmetThe aim of this study was to investigate the vascular branching morphology of the aortic arch in the long-legged buzzard. For this purpose, two long-legged buzzards were evaluated in this study. The latex injection method was used to investigate the branching of the aortic arch. Two innominate brachiocephalic trunks branched continually from aortic arch caudoventral to the primary bronchi and ventral to the syrinx. The left subclavian artery gave rise to sternoclavicular, thoracic, axillary and intercostal arteries in this region. On the right side, it was observed that the right subclavian artery gave off thoracic, sternoclavicular and intercostal arteries, and the axillary artery was the branch of thoracic artery differently from the left one. Each carotid artery was continued to the middle of the neck and soon disappeared, becoming covered by the muscles of the anterior part of the neck, and entering the canal formed by the inferior spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, within which it ran hidden, and in close contact with its fellow of the other lateral side, to near the head. This morphological study in the long-legged buzzard will elucidate the vascular organization for regional blood supply, and provide specific anatomical data.Öğe EXPRESSION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GHRELIN, OBESTATIN, AND LEPTIN IN DEFERENT DUCTS OF THE BULL AND RAM(Univ Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, 2018) Saruhan, Berna Guney; Erdogan, Serkan; Topaloglu, Ugur; Akbalik, Mehmet Erdem; Bayram, Bayram; Ketani, Muzaffer Aydin; Sagsoz, HakanIt is known that ghrelin, obestatin and leptin are involved in many biological processes such as appetite-energy regulation, growth hormone release and cell proliferation. In addition to these biological activities of in human and rodents, direct effects of these hormones on reproductive functions and regulation of smooth muscle contractions have gained importance in recent years. In mammals, gonadal functions are regulated by using a complex network of autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signals. The signals involved in the control of energy balance regulate reproductive functions by acting on different hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis. The underlying molecular mechanism of gonad is poorly understood and appears to be controlled on genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Ghrelin, obestatin and leptin, three recently discovered hormones, are especially co-expressed in endocrine cells. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the immunohistochemical expression and potential biological activity of bull and ram deferent ducts (DD) in relation to the tissue concentration of ghrelin, obestatin and leptin. Ghrelin, obestatin and leptin expression observed in the DD sections were restricted to the cytoplasm of the epithelial and muscle cells. Both ghrelin and leptin expressions were found in smooth muscle cells in muscular layer of DD and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, and obestatin expression was found in the basal epithelial cells of the luminal epithelium. In conclusion, ghrelin, obestatin and leptin were expressed in varying concentrations in epithelial and muscle cells as well as blood vessels of the deferent ducts of both species. Given the multifunctional biological roles of these peptide hormones, we can suggest that these hormones function in the contraction and hypertrophy of smooth muscles, proliferation or apoptosis of epithelial and muscle cells in DD.Öğe The expressions of some metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin and obestatin) in the tissues of sheep tongue(Wiley, 2020) Sagsoz, Hakan; Erdogan, Serkan; Saruhan, Berna GuneyIn this study, we aimed to observe the localization and expression of peptide hormones-leptin, ghrelin and obestatin-in the sheep tongue by immunohistochemistry. For that purpose, tongues of ten adult sheep were used. Leptin expression of moderate intensity was observed in the basal and parabasal epithelial cells of the luminal epithelium, and leptin was strongly expressed in the taste buds of the circumvallate and fungiform papillae and in von Ebner's glands. Ghrelin was primarily expressed in some of the skeletal muscle cells and the smooth muscle cells of the middle layer of blood vessels. A strong expression was observed in the epithelial cells lining the base of the groove surrounding the circumvallate papillae. Obestatin expression was particularly strong in the epithelial cells of the salivary ducts. It was also stronger in the von Ebner's glands than in the seromucous glands. Leptin, ghrelin and obestatin were shown to be produced at varying levels in different cell types, including epithelial, stromal and skeletal muscle cells, as well as in ganglion neurons, neural plexuses and blood vessels in the sheep tongue. Cellular localization and expression of these peptide hormones have not been investigated in many species including sheep.Öğe Function-related morphological characteristics and specialized structures of the avian tongue(Elsevier Gmbh, 2014) Erdogan, Serkan; Iwasaki, Shin-ichiAs a reflection of different life styles and environment, the tongue of vertebrates, which plays a major role in the intake and swallowing of food, displays significant morphological differences. The gross form and microscopic structure of the avian tongue differ greatly according to lifestyle. The avian tongue plays a fundamental role in many functions such as capturing, filtering, sucking and manipulating food in order to compensate absence of subsidiary organs like teeth in the oropharyngeal cavity. Variations in lingual papillae play an important role in feeding of birds, as they represent a structure similar to teeth in the upper and lower beaks and can be used to hold and direct food in the oropharyngeal cavity. Tongues of birds exhibit common as well as varying anatomical characteristics in terms of surface morphology, structure and topographical distribution of lingual papillae as well as distinct specialized structures, epithelial layers, taste buds and lingual glands. This review evaluates the important morphological peculiarities of the tongue in birds, focusing on the relationship between anatomical features and feeding functions. (C) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Öğe Functional characteristics of the growth factor receptor family and some ligands in the oropharyngeal cavity of the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Saruhan, Berna G.; Sagsoz, Hakan; Akbalik, Mehmet E.; Erdogan, Serkan1. The aim of the present study is to describe, immunohistochemically, the expression and cell type localisation of growth factor receptors and some of their ligands in the oropharyngeal organs of the Chukar partridge. 2. The tissue samples from 10 healthy adult partridges were dissected under ether anaesthesia and then embedded in paraffin following routine histological procedures. The immunoreaction for receptors and ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ligand system was localised in the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm of the luminal and glandular epithelial cells, stromal and striated muscle cells, and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. 3. Variations were observed in the avian oropharyngeal organs. The immunostaining for the erbB1/HER1 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 1) and the EGF (epidermal growth factor) and AREG (Amphiregulin) ligands in the luminal epithelial cells was higher than in the glandular epithelial, stromal and striated muscle cells. However, the immunostaining for erbB3/HER3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 3) and erbB4/HER4 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 4) were similar in the luminal epithelium, stromal and striated muscle cells. 4. Growth factor receptors and some of their ligands were localised in different cell types in the oropharyngeal organs. We suggest that erbB/HERs (human epidermal growth factor receptors) and their ligands play an important role in proliferation, differentiation, growth, survival and migration of the cells.Öğe Functional roles of angiogenic factors and receptors on non-endothelial cells in the oropharyngeal cavity of the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)(Wiley, 2017) Sagsoz, Hakan; Saruhan, Berna G.; Erdogan, SerkanThe vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family belong to the platelet-derived growth factor supergene family and is involved in angiogenesis and mitogenesis. The VEGF-VEGFR system regulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration, vascular permeability, secretion and other non-endothelial cells functions. To clarify the possible role of endothelial and non-endothelial cells, VEGF and its receptors, vascular endothelial cell growth inhibitor (VEGI) were immunohistochemically examined in oropharyngeal organs. Ten adult partridges were used in this study and the pharynx and larynx were dissected together with the palate and tongue. VEGI, VEGF and its receptor were highly expressed in luminal epithelial and stromal cells, when compared to glandular epithelial and muscle cells (P<0.05). Moreover, VEGF, its receptors and VEGI were expressed rather strongly in the endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and in both the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the large and small blood vessels. In conclusion, VEGF and its receptors (flt1/fms, flk1/KDR and flt4) and VEGI were expressed by various cell groups at varying intensity in the oropharyngeal organs. This demonstrates that they play a critical role in the regulation and maintenance of the functions in cells different from endothelial ones as well as in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis.Öğe Histomorphological structure of the palate and histochemical profiles of the salivary palatine glands in the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar, Gray 1830)(Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Sagsoz, Hakan; Erdogan, Serkan; Akbalik, Mehmet E.Morphology of the palatine mucosa and its secretion was described in Chukar partridges, by gross morphology and histochemistry techniques. For this purpose, 10 healthy adults (five male and five female) were sacrificed. After sacrifice, the palatine tissues were extirpated and fixed in 10% formol-alcohol for 18h and were embedded longitudinally and transversally in paraffin. The 5-m sections were employed histological and histochemical staining techniques. The lateral rims of the caudal part of the choanal cleft were bordered by large conical papillae. In the periphery of the choanal and the infundibular cleft, small papillae were scattered across the palatine mucosa. The palate was lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which contained conical papillae of varying height. However, the folds of the keratinized stratified squamous epithelial layer covering the choanal and infundibular cleft were nonkeratinized. The rostral aspect of the choanal cleft contained simple branched tubulo-alveolar glands of both mucous and sero-mucous characteristic, whilst the caudal aspect included mucous simple branched tubular glands. Furthermore, it was ascertained that the secretion of the palatine glands contained glycoproteins, carboxylated proteoglycans, weakly and strongly sulphated mucins, sialic acid and hyaluronic acid, but lacked glycogen. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the histological structure of the mucosal epithelium and the supporting elements displayed similarity to those of other domestic avian species.Öğe Inner ventricular structures and valves of the heart in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)(Springer, 2014) Erdogan, Serkan; Lima, Martin; Perez, WilliamIn this study, we describe the internal structures of both ventricles and the valvular apparatus of the heart of the white rhino. In the right of the heart, three papillary muscles were found in septal and marginal walls and m. papillaris magnus was the biggest. There was only one m. papillaris parvus in the right ventricle. The right atrioventricular valve was tricuspid, and the parietal cusp was longest. In the left of the heart, two papillary muscles were found on the septal wall and the subauricular was the biggest. The left atrioventricular valve was bicuspid and the parietal cusp was longest. There were no nodules in the valves of the pulmonary trunk and aorta, and the semilunar valves had many fibrous folds and transparent parts. Within the cardiac skeleton there was a cartilago cordis which occupied a small part of the right fibrous trigone. While the right ventricle included only one septomarginal trabecula, there were many trabeculae in the left ventricle. In both ventricles, the endocardium was thin and the subendocardial network was visible, also their continuation with the septomarginal trabeculae. We also found many trabeculae carneae in the dorsal part of the ventricles.Öğe A Morphological Study on Iridocorneal Angle and Ciliary Body of the Anatolian Shepherd Dogs (Canis familiaris)(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2015) Akbalik, Mehmet Erdem; Erdogan, Serkan; Sagsoz, Hakan; Saruhan, Berna GuneyThis study was carried out to determine morphological structures of Anatolian Shepherd dog eye to compare with other animals. This important sensory organ from five adult male dogs were investigated by light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Anatolian Shepherd dog cornea is about 435 (center) to 501 (periphery) mu m thick. The dense pigmentation observed in the anterior and posterior iridal epithelium. The ciliary cleft of the iridocorneal angle was not large and well-developed. The ciliary processes, another component of the ciliary body, formed the conspicuous bundles. In conclusion, it is considered that the description of the morphological properties of both the iridocorneal region and the ciliary body would contribute to the interpretation of the functional correlation, thus to future experimental studies to be conducted in this field.Öğe The morphometric development and arterial vascularization of bovine fetal kidneys in the prenatal period(Elsevier Gmbh, 2011) Erdogan, Serkan; Kilinc, MehmetThis study presents a morphometric developmental analysis of bovine kidneys and a demonstration of intrarenal arterial vascularization in the prenatal period. A total of 40 Holstein bovine fetuses constituted the material of the study. The fetuses were divided into three groups, according to the gestational stages they belonged to early, mid- and late stages, such that each group comprised 10 fetuses. Sixty kidneys and their renal arteries were evaluated using morphometric measurements. Furthermore, 10 bovine fetuses were injected with cast solution to demonstrate the intrarenal arteries. Data obtained in the present study were statistically analyzed. Although the right and left kidneys did not significantly differ from each other, significant differences existed between the different gestational stages (P < 0.05). The kidney parameters, including length, width and thickness, were positively correlated with both the right and left kidneys as well as with gestational age. Four types of intrarenal arterial segmentation were demonstrated. Type I was observed in 10 kidneys (50%), type II in four kidneys (20%) as well as type III, and type IV in only two kidneys (10%). In the most frequent arterial segmentation type (type I), the renal artery divided into three segmental arteries, which supplied the cranial polar, medial and caudal polar regions of the kidney, after stemming from the abdominal aorta. Furthermore, cases of double and multiple renal arteries were also observed. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Öğe Osteopontin expression in the intestine of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar, Gray, 1830)(Brill Academic Publishers, 2015) Akbalik, Mehmet E.; Sagsoz, Hakan; Erdogan, SerkanThe intestinal mucosa is under continuous attack of microorganisms and is defended by the joint action of epithelial cells and specialized immune cells. Osteopontin (OPN), a member of the Small Integrin-Binding Ligand, N-linked Glycoprotein (SIBLING) family, is an adhesive phosphorylated glyco-protein that is synthesized by a variety of nonimmune and immune cells that is involved in interactions with cells mediating signaling. OPN is especially required for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier. To gain a better understanding of the biology of OPN, in the avian intestinal tract, we examined subcellular localization of OPN in the small and large intestine using immunohistochemistry. Immunostaining for OPN was prominently and significantly detected in the epithelial cells of the small and large intestine. However, intestinal stromal cells of the small intestine and the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the large intestine did not exhibit OPN immunoreactivity. Our results show that the differences between the localizations of OPN in the chukar partridge's small and large intestine may be associated with functional differences of intestine parts. Therefore, the expression of OPN in the chukar partridge intestine may play a crucial role in barrier function, host defence, and/or secretion.Öğe Turkish Undergraduate Veterinary Students' Attitudes to Use of Animals and Other Teaching Alternatives for Learning Anatomy(Univ Toronto Press Inc, 2019) Kucukaslan, Ozgul; Erdogan, Serkan; Bulut, IlhamiThis study aimed to investigate the views of first-year veterinary students in Turkey from six veterinary faculties on their anatomy courses and to evaluate their perceptions of the uses of animals and other teaching alternatives from an ethical perspective. The study sample included a total of 293 veterinary students studying in the provinces of Ankara, Burdur, Diyarbakr, Kars, Konya, and Tekirda. The 38-item instrument tool developed by the researchers consisted of three sections and was administered to volunteer student participants. All the data were statistically analyzed, and normal distribution of the scores obtained in the attitude scales was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z test (KSZ). The 20 items in the Anatomy Scale had an arithmetic mean of 3.48 and thus indicated an average rating of agree. The most challenging topic was found by 40.9% to be the nervous system. The most useful material in facilitating the learning process was rated by 24.1% to be the anatomy book. The 11 items in the Cadaver Scale had an arithmetic mean of 3.77, indicating an average rating of agree. The highest arithmetic mean score was for the item Using cadavers is a must for the anatomy course with a mean of 4.66, indicating their strong agreement with this view. The veterinary students' perspective emphasized that the combination of cadavers and the anatomy book contributed to their learning of anatomy.
