Edebiyat Fakültesi Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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Under the shade of colonialism: Mary Kingsley and her travels in West Africa
(RumeliYA Yayıncılık, 2023) Bekler, Ecevit
Texts are not independent entities that are detached from their social, ideological, economic and cultural background. They are shaped by their authors who are affected by the discourse of their times. Thus, they make valuable sources in getting more information about social, political, and economic conditions of their periods. Mary Kingsley’s Travels in West Africa, as a part of colonial discourse, reflects the colonial world at the end of the Victorian period, which was rich in literature. This was a period during which British Imperialism reaches at its peak and leads to the saying, “the empire on which the sun never sets”. Travels in West Africa, as a travel narrative, serves the interests of the colonizing powers by describing the lives of the natives in West Africa and their lands sometimes using wry humour, unlike some other contemporary fictional works that depict a savage and brutal Africa as the dark continent. Michel Foucault’s theories regarding discourse and power have been used to understand the ideological formations and power relations in the mentioned travel account in the second half of the nineteenth century. Kingsley’s female narrative, with its representation of Africa, echoes the superiority of the white over the black through an embedded ideology in text.
Translating allusions: The case of Dubliners by James Joyce
(RumeliYA Yayıncılık, 2020) Tekalp, Selen
Intertextuality refers to the relation of a text to other texts. Although the notion has connections withmany fields of art such as painting, sculpture, architecture, cinema and theatre, in this study it isexamined as a literary concept within the framework of translation studies. Intertextual devices suchas quotations, citations and allusions pose great challenge for translators as they require an extensivecultural knowledge and an awareness of the extratextual relations of the text. These relations can bebuilt by author’s use of allusions, quotations, translation, pastiche, parody and other intertextualelements. However, the analysis of all these elements seems to be compelling for a translator.Therefore, to investigate how intertextuality is treated in the Turkish translations of Dubliners, thescope has been restricted to the allusions. Allusion is described as an indirect reference to a literarywork, a person, place or thing that is already known. In Dubliners, Joyce uses multiple allusionsdedicated to literary texts, historical and political figures and events. The case study has been carriedout by examining the allusions separately in all fifteen stories within the book. After that, the Turkishtranslations performed by Murat Belge and Merve Tokmakçıoğlu were analysed, and the Turkishcounterparts of the detected allusions were listed for each story. The detected items in both texts werecompared to reveal the strategies used by the translators in order to solve the problems related to theintertextual aspects of the text. Ritva Leppihalme’s (1997) proposed strategies were adopted for theidentification of translation strategies.
Instances of hate discourse in Turkish and English
(International Balkan University, 2022) Yalçınkaya, Ozan Deniz
Language, regarded as a social practice, has a social function by providing communication among people. Just as society shapes language over time, language also shapes society with complex discourse conventions and practices. The use of language in the family, work, school, and similar social areas creates a unique social perception and communication. In addition to the positive consequences of this perception, there may also be unacceptable consequences. Hate speech is also an issue that can be evaluated in this context. A highly debated topic, hate speech portrays a rising momentum in traditional and digital media. Studies on the subject are mostly limited to political discourse. From a linguistic perspective, little attention has been paid to the pragmatics of discourse, and little attention has been given so far. This paper attempts to reveal some features of verbal expressions in terms of overt and covert hate speech by applying the principles and devices of Critical Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics and Semantics. The research elucidates discriminatory discourses such as racist, sexist, xenophobic, and anti-religious in Turkish and English. Hate speech harms social peace, advocates hatred and violence, provokes and encourages people, focuses on discrimination against a person or a group. The study attempts to provide information and instances regarding biased expressions and intolerance, pejoratives, derogatory phrases, insults, slurs, stereotypes and more that make up linguistic discrimination. The study provides examples of usages in both languages regarding prejudiced, intolerant, humiliating, insulting, defamatory, and similar hate speeches. As the analysis findings revealed, raising awareness by avoiding such discourses in daily dialogues has an essential role in combating various hate speeches in many fields. In this context, further examination of hate speech, determination and definition of linguistic criteria will facilitate the detection of this issue in many platforms and prevent it. As a result of this study, it is expected that further analysis of those discourses will contribute to identifying and defining formal linguistic criteria, and it will facilitate the identification of hate speech in public discourse on many platforms.
How different types of inferencing provide coherence in narrative texts
(International Balkan University, 2019) Yalçınkaya, Ozan Deniz; Hasanova, Aygun
Proceeding from the undeniably explanatory power and divergenceof inferential mechanisms from the cognitive perspective and philosophy,we claim that such kind of distinction (especially the asymmetricdistribution of different types of inferencing) should play an importantrole in understanding how global or local text organization affects textcomprehension.Aiming to investigate the impact and role of inferencing in providingcoherence in narrative texts in terms of distinguishing between theunderlying (non-encoded) and linguistically represented semantic andpragmatic contents in language use, this paper focuses on revealingcontribution of the underlying content on text comprehension byapplying the inferential mechanisms suggested by the constructionisttheory, according to which the author can omit a definite part ofinformation from the text structure and thus make the reader generatethe so-called bridging and predictive inferences to represent the missinginformation. Accordingly, the relation that holds between the twomeanings is not only semantic. It is up to the theory to judge how theinferential properties get determined and integrate with the presentedsemantic content.The suggested cognitive approach to “search-after-meaning unity”considers meaning holism concept which in turn is derived from theintegration of the non-encoded but inferentially revitalizeable and theexplicitly expressed meaningful relations of an intrasentential orintersentential level.
A linguistic exploration of apology in Turkish and English
(Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2021) Yalçınkaya, Ozan Deniz
The aim of this study is to examine the usage of speech act of apology by Turkish and native speakers of English. The association between politeness and cu lture and culture in interactions has been at the center of pragmatics for a long time. The main focus of this paper will be the analysis of the distinctions between apology strategies in Turkish and English. By means of this comparison of apologies in th ese two languages, it is attempted to gain more insights into the distinctions and/or similarities in terms of the strategies employed by the speakers in daily language. To this end, the function of apologi es both in Turkish and English from the cross- cultural and socio-pragmatic perspectives will be addressed. The study reveals that the apologetic speech employed in Turkish conforms to some patterns in English. On the other hand, distinctive features exist in both languages due to cultural variations. The impact of first language and the cultural background on speakers can be one of the leading factors for those discrepancies.
Ecocriticism and translation: A descriptive study on Elif Shafak’s Bit Palas
(Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2021) Tekalp, Selen
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the English translation of Elif Shafak’s Bit Palas from the perspective of ecocriticism. As ecocriticism has emerged as a subdiscipline of cultural studies which has affected translation studies to a large extent, one can readily establish a relationship between ecology, culture, literature, and translation. In a translation carried out with ecocritical awareness, what matters is the extent to which the ecological orientations in the source text are transferred to the target text, rather than the fact that a translation is faithful or correct. In this way, translation can foster the construction or restoration of ecological thought. Bit Palas, which is examined in this study, deals with human life in tandem with the phenomenon of garbage. In this respect, it is obvious that the novel contributes to the ecological awareness of society. The novel which reflects the history, culture, and chaos of Istanbul through different characters centers upon the pollution that prevails the city in the second half of the twentieth century. Pollution which could turn into one of the most devastating ecological disasters manifests itself in different aspects throughout the novel. The garbage piles as the sole reason in the novel that triggers pollution is a phenomenon that integrates human beings with history, nature, and the city they live in. The main endeavor in this study will be to discuss how an ecocritical text is recreated in a new cultural and ecological environment. The ecological dimension of the study will be examined through the concepts of çöp [garbage], koku [smell], böcek [insect], and bit [louse]. Based on this, it will be determined how the translator tackles these ecological elements while transferring them to the target text.
Translating the archaic: Ottoman Turkish expressions in English
(RumeliYA Yayıncılık, 2022) Tekalp, Selen
This study deals with how archaic language in İhsan Oktay Anar’s Kitab’ül Hiyel is handled in English translation. Archaic expressions refer to words or phrases which are no longer in everyday use. In Kitab’ül Hiyel, archaism standing out as the outcome of the author’s stylistic choices prevails as a stylistic component. Translating style is one of the most challenging tasks that a translator faces due to the linguistic differences between languages. In this paper, a descriptive translational analysis is pursued to evaluate whether the translator keeps the local color by making a stylistically-aware translation or the ruling archaism becomes neutralized in the target text. This is important in its aim to demonstrate the attitude of translators towards stylistic elements. Archaic expressions were chosen as samples because they have rarely been the subject of research in translation studies. They can also be associated with history to a great extent. Taking into account Turkish culture, archaic expressions used in literature are generally traced back to the Ottoman Empire, for they are regarded as a significant part of old Turkish or Ottoman Turkish. When their historical quality is considered, their translation requires certain knowledge about the source culture and history. Throughout the comparative analysis, archaic expressions in parallel texts were examined in the light of these translation strategies: softening, transcription or borrowing, and stylistic compensation. The result of the analysis will contribute to the stylistic and cultural discussions about literary translation.
A foucauldian and feminist reading of the tenant of Wildfell Hall
(Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2022) Bekler, Ecevit
Anne Brontë, in her novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, criticizes the power of the patriarchal society in the nineteenth century and the practices that legitimize the actions of men considered superior to women. Helen, the female protagonist of the novel, shows that by running away from home with her child due to her cruel and neglectful husband, she can both stand on her own feet and raise her child well without a father like Arthur, and thus opposes the patriarchal order and discourse of the period. In order to illustrate male oppression on women represented in the novel, this study employs critical theories of Michel Foucault as well as feminist criticism. In this respect, the study claims that the novel subverts patriarchal order while implying that women like Helen should be equal with men in social life and before the law. In the light of the protagonist’s portrayal as a rational, creative, hardworking and self-confident woman contrary to Victorian conceptions, this study reveals that the superiority of men over women stems from the patriarchal discourse created in the bourgeois society.

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