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    A geochemical study of bitumen residues on ceramics excavated from Early Bronze age graves (3000-2900 BCE) at Basur Hoyuk in SE Turkey
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Connan, Jacques; Kavak, Orhan; Saglamtimur, Haluk; Engel, Michael; Zumberge, Alex; Zumberge, John
    Eight black residues, scraped from outer surfaces of painted ceramics, unearthed from graves 1-3 at Basur Hoyuk (SE Turkey), were analysed by geochemical techniques in order to characterize bitumens and to try to identify their source. Ceramics are dated from the Early Bronze period (3100-2900 BCE). The black organic matter was indeed identified as bitumen, but its source has not been discovered despite its comparison with several oil seeps from the area. The bitumen at Basur Hoyuk does not match the bitumens analyzed at Kavusan Hoyuk, Salat Hoyuk, Hakemi Use and Kuriki Hoyuk which are Cretaceous in origin and likely imported from the Eruh tars deposit. The stable carbon isotope values of their asphaltene fraction suggest a Silurian origin, however the occurrence of the 18 alpha(H)-oleanane emphasized a younger source, i.e. Tertiary or Cretaceous. Our interpretation favours the mixture of two oils, a Silurian age and a Tertiary-Cretaceous age. This mixture may occur geologically, due to the uptake of a Tertiary signal by a Silurian oil along its migration route to the surface. It may also be a consequence of human activity carried out by the inhabitants at the mortuary ceremony where the bituminous mixture has been applied to ceramics, prior to their deposit in the graves. The oil seep character of the archaeological bitumen at Basur Hoyuk and the lack of obvious oxidation suggest the following explanation: freshly collected oil seeps were splashed on ceramics as ritual practices and the tarry potteries were then buried and therefore sealed. The fast burial prevented the bitumen from any oxidative alteration. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Öğe
    Geochemistry and origin of bituminous samples of Kuriki Höyük (SE Turkey) from 4000 BCE to 200 CE: Comparison with Kavuşan Höyük, Hakemi Use and Salat Tepe
    (Elsevier, 2022) Connan, Jacques; Genç, Elif; Kavak, Orhan; Engel, Michael H.; Zumberge, Alex
    Twelve samples of organic mixtures collected from floors and potsherds in different areas of Kuriki Hoyuk (SE Turkey) were analyzed by geochemical techniques to identify bitumens and try to locate their sources. Oil seeps from the region (Gercus, Badzivan, Zengen, Kerbent, Kayatepe, Eruh) and some other samples characterized later as asphaltites (Kumcati, Anittepe, Silip), were compared to the archaeological mixtures. To trace the source of bitumen, stable carbon isotope values of chromatographic fractions and mass fragmentograms of steranes and terpanes were acquired on both archaeological mixtures and oil seeps used as references. Bitumen was recognized in all samples and the Kerbent oil seep is the most likely source of bitumen at Kuriki Hoyuk. This source was used from 4000 BCE to 200 CE. In contrast, Eruh appears to be the likely source for the other archaeological sites of the neighbourhood namely: Kavusan Hoyuk, Salat Tepe and Hakemi Use. The mineral composition of archaeological samples shows that the mixtures used at Kuriki Hoyuk are similar to those observed elsewhere in many archaeological bitumens from other localities.