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Öğe Agricultural biotechnology in Turkey(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Yildirim, Hakan; Onay, Ahmet; Ozden, Yelda; Tilkat, Engin[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Anatolian medicinal plants as potential antiviral agents: bridging traditional knowledge and modern science in the fight against COVID-19 and related viral infections(TUBITAK, 2024) Tilkat, Engin; Jahan, Israt; Hoşer, Ayşe; Kaplan, Alevcan; Özdemir, Oğuzhan; Onay, AhmetThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was the cause of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), commonly known as the coronavirus pandemic. Since December 2020, COVID-19 vaccines have been extensively administered in numerous countries. In addition to new antiviral medications, the treatment regimen encompasses symptom management. Despite sustained research efforts, the outbreak remains uncontrolled, with affected patients still lacking proper treatment. This review is a valuable asset for researchers and practitioners aiming to delve into the yet unexplored potential of Anatolian flora in the fight against COVID-19 and other viral infections. Numerous medicinal plants in Anatolia, such as thyme, sage, cannabis, oregano, licorice root, and Origanum sp., contain bioactive compounds with proven antiviral properties that have been used in the region for centuries. The rich legacy of traditional Anatolian medicine (TAM), has significantly influenced modern medicine; thus, the profusion of medicinal plants native to Anatolia holds promise for antiviral drug development, making this review essential for researchers and practitioners.Öğe Antepfıstığının (Pistacia vera L. kultivar Siirt) in vitro mikro aşılanması(2003) Pirinç, Vedat; Işıkalan, Çiğdem; Tilkat, Engin; Adıyaman, FilizBu çalışmada, Siirt antepfıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) çeşidinin in vitro mikro çoğaltılmasında kullanılmak üzere, ürün veren ağaçlardan alınan eksplanîlarm rejenerasyonu için bir mikro aşılama metodu geliştirildi. Eksplantlardan sürgün proliferasyonunu başlatmak için eksplant tipi ve pozisyonu, sitokirıin tipi ve konsantrasyonu ile besi ortamının etkileri araştırıldı. Budanmış ağaçlardan, köke en yakın, kısımdaki yeni apikal sürgünlerden alınan eksplantlarm, 1 mg $l^{-1}$ BA, 100 mg $l^{-1}$ kazein hidrolizat, 30 g/1 sukroz ve 8 g/1 ağar içeren 1/1 kuvvetindeki MS besi ortamında rejenerasyona en iyi cevap verdiği tespit edildi. , Mikro aşılama çalışmalarında, İn vitro ortamda çimlenmiş zigotik embriyolardan elde edilen bitkicikler anaç olarak kullanıldı. Aşılama metodu, mikro çeliğin büyüklüğü, çelik ve sürgün uçlarının alınma zamanı ile kültür ortamının mikro aşılamaya etkisi gibi değişkenler test edildi. Ayrıca, yeniden aşılama (ikinci mikro aşılama) ve rejenere olan sürgünlerin köklenmeye etkisi de araştırıldı . Çalışmamız, antepfıstığmın en kolay ve başarılı in vitro mikro aşılama metodunun, dar meristemli yarma mikro aşı olduğunu gösterdi. En yüksek mikro aşı başarısı, %56.85 tutma oranı ile 2-4 mm uzunluğundaki mikro çeliklerden elde edildi. Rejenere olmuş sürgün uçlarından alınan çeliklerin uzunluğunun 4 ile 6 mm (%89.25) arasında olduğu ve yaşayan sürgün ucu oranının, sürgünlerin ağaçtan alınma, zamanlarıyla doğrudan ilişkisi bulunduğu tespit edildi. Doğrudan kullanılan sürgün uçlarına göre in vitro destekli sürgün uçlarında daha iyi bir mikro çelik gelişimi görüldü. Mikro aşılar, köklenme ortamında kültüre alındığı zaman, zayıf bir aksiller sürgün gelişimi ve yavaş bir gelişme görüldü. Ayrıca, yarma aşı ile elde edilen sürgünlerin IBA destekli MS besi ortamında in vitrö köklenmesi de sağlandı. İn vitro mikro aşılanmış bitkicikler ya da in vitro kökleııdirilen fıdeciklerin in vivo koşullara adaptasyonunun, sıcaklık ve ışığın kontrol edilebildiği bir büyüme odasında kolayca gerçekleştiği belirlendi.Öğe Clonal micropropagation of Pistacia lentiscus L. and assessment of genetic stability using IRAP markers(Springer, 2015) Kilinc, Fatih Mehmet; Suzerer, Veysel; Ciftci, Yelda Ozden; Onay, Ahmet; Yildirim, Hakan; Uncuoglu, Ahu Altinkut; Tilkat, EnginAn efficient protocol for clonal micropropagation of selected genotypes of lentisk, Pistacia lentiscus L., which is cultivated for the masticha resin, has been developed using shoot tip explants originating from in vitro seedlings. BA was found to be optimum for shoot morphogenesis in terms of the number and length of shoots among the cytokinins tested for all cloned genotypes, while the highest shoot length was noticed in the presence of 2iP at a rate 4.92 mu M. Efficient rooting (94.15 %) was achieved in a medium containing 19.6 mu M IBA with the clone II that was superior to the rest of the clones tested. The method developed for plant acclimatization was satisfactory because a high percentage of plant survival (95 %) in the growth room in the clone II was obtained and the regenerated plantlets resumed growth after 4 months. DNAs from mother seedlings and micropropagated plantlets belonging to 6, 9 and 12 times subcultured were isolated and subjected to IRAP analysis in order to evaluate their genetic stability and detect possibly existing variations among in vitro derived plantlets. The mean percentage of similarity calculated by Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged from 78 to 86 % in the four genotypes. Although variation was observed among mother plantlets and its regenerants for all of the clones, polymorphic information content value in the range of 0.391-0.405 indicated the presence of reasonable polymorphism within the clones. The presented data confirmed that the clonal propagation of lentisk by using shoot tips could be used for commercial exploitation of the selected genotype.Öğe Comparison of Total Phenolic Content and Total Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils of Male and Female Pistacia lentiscus L.(Springer, 2016) Izol, L. Ebubekir; Suzerer, Veysel; Yigitkan, Serkan; Tilkat, Engin; Ertas, Abdulselam; Asan, Hilal Surmus; Onay, Ahmet[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Detection of Variation in Long-Term Micropropagated Mature Pistachio via DNA-Based Molecular Markers(Springer, 2016) Akdemir, Hulya; Suzerer, Veysel; Tilkat, Engin; Onay, Ahmet; Ciftci, Yelda OzdenDetermination of genetic stability of in vitro-grown plantlets is needed for safe and large-scale production of mature trees. In this study, genetic variation of long-term micropropagated mature pistachio developed through direct shoot bud regeneration using apical buds (protocol A) and in vitro-derived leaves (protocol B) was assessed via DNA-based molecular markers. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed, and the obtained PIC values from RAPD (0.226), ISSR (0.220), and AFLP (0.241) showed that micropropagation of pistachio for different periods of time resulted in reasonable polymorphism among donor plant and its 18 clones. Mantel's test showed a consistence polymorphism level between marker systems based on similarity matrices. In conclusion, this is the first study on occurrence of genetic variability in long-term micropropagated mature pistachio plantlets. The obtained results clearly indicated that different marker approaches used in this study are reliable for assessing tissue culture-induced variations in long-term cultured pistachio plantlets.Öğe Developments in pistachio biotechnology(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Tilkat, Engin; Onay, Ahmet; Ozden, Yelda; Yildirim, Hakan; Tilkat, Emine Ayaz[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Direct plant regeneration from mature leaf explants of pistachio, Pistacia vera L.(Elsevier, 2009) Tilkat, Engin; Onay, Ahmet; Yildirim, Hakan; Ayaz, EmineA protocol was developed for direct shoot and plantlet regeneration from in vitro regenerated leaf explants of male Pistacia vera L. cv. 'Atli'. Leaves excised from axenic shoot cultures of pistachio were used to induce organogenesis on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented with combinations of different concentrations of BAP and IAA. The highest adventitious shoot regeneration in 35% of the explants, with the number of shoots ranging from 2 to 3 per explant, occurred in the explants cultured during the establishment phase in the medium with 1 mg l(-1) IAA and 2 mg l(-1) BAR For shoot multiplication, the highest number of new microshoot/explants (5.76) was obtained in a culture medium supplemented with 1 mg l(-1) BAP, but it was not significantly different from the number obtained at 2 mg l(-1) BAP. A high rooting frequency (84%) for nicroshoots was recorded on a medium supplemented with 2 mg l(-1) IBA. In vitro rooted plantlets were transferred to pots filled with a mixture of soil, sand and peat (1: 1: 1). They were weaned in a growth room and finally moved to a greenhouse. This protocol could be utilized for in vitro clonal propagation of this economically important plant. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of genotype on somatic embryogenesis in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)(Sejani Publ, 2007) Onay, Ahmet; Tilkat, Engin; Yildirim, HakanGenotypes representing eight botanical cultivars of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) were assessed for somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant conversion from immature kernels. Embryogenic masses (EMSs) were produced from kernels of immature fruit of pistachio cultured in liquid MS medium with Gamborg vitamins, supplemented with 100 mgl(-1) casein hydrolysate, 100 mgl(-1)L-Ascorbic acid, 3% sucrose, and BAP. EMS differentiated directly from the kernels after culture for 2 weeks in liquid medium with 0.5 mg P BAP. Genotype x collection date had large effects on initiation of somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic tissues containing embryoid or individual somatic embryos were isolated from the original tissue and used to initiate repetitive liquid or agarified cultures. To determine the effects of genotypes during maturation on the subsequent germination and plantlet generation, clusters of EMSs from the different genotypes were transferred from liquid medium onto the surface of 5.7% agar solidified MS medium with Gamborg vitamins, containing 4% sucrose, 1.0 mg l(-1) BAP and 0.5 mg l(-1) IBA. After 4 weeks, individual or clusters of mature somatic embryos were transferred from maturation medium onto the germination medium (GM). The number of matured and germinated somatic embryos was influenced by the genotype in the maturation medium. Acclimatized plantlets resumed growth after transfer to a soil and peat mixture, and many developed to maturity.Öğe Effects of Salt Stress on Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characters of Lentisk (P. lentiscus L.)(Uğur ÇAKILCIOĞLU, 2019) Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Kaplan, Alevcan; Tilkat, Engin; Bağlamış, Gurbet; Onay, AhmetAmong abiotic stresses salinity is the most detrimental factor in limiting crop productivity. In this study, the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) on growth and physiological parameters of Pistacia lentiscus L. seedlings raised in in vitro condition for 4 weeks was investigated. For this purpose the seeds of Lentisk were germinated in Murashige and Skoog, (1962) basal mediums containing different NaCl concentrations. The morphological, physiological and biochemical changes that occurred in the seedlings were measured and recorded after exposure to salt stress. These results show that visible leaf damage of Lentisk seedlings are affected by high salt concentrations. High salinity concentrations significantly reduce root and stem lengths, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, Cl-a, Cl-b and carotenoid values after the culture periods. At 250 mM salt concentration, root and stem growth were found to be completely stopped. The parameters over the 50 mM salt concentrations caused in decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase (POD).Öğe Enhanced production of anticancer triterpenoids in optimized Pistacia lentiscus L. callus cultures via methyl jasmonate and silver nitrate elicitation(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Tilkat, Engin; Süzerer, Veysel; Asan, Hilal Surmuş; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Demir, Elif; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Hoşer, Ayşe; Onay, AhmetPistacia lentiscus L. is a traditional medicinal plant from the Mediterranean region with a long history of use. Elicitor-based strategies have proven effective in enhancing the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) with therapeutic potential in callus cultures. In addition, optimizing callus cultures is crucial for the synthesis and stability of SMs production. In this study, we have successfully established practical and optimized callus cultures from the leaves and roots of the mastic tree. Full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium gave the highest callus growth, with the combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and kinetin (each at 1 mg/l) giving the most favourable results for both explant types (80 % and 84 % callus induction, respectively). Optimal culture conditions were determined to be a sucrose concentration of 15 g/l, a pH of 5.8, a temperature of 25 °C and light intensities of 20 μmol m−2 s−1 for roots and 80 μmol m−2 s−1 for leaves. It is interesting to note that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) positively affected callus biomass, whereas silver nitrate (AgNO3) had the opposite effect. Elicitation with AgNO3 and MeJA significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of anticancer triterpenoids, particularly ursonic acid (UA), ursolic acid (ULA), masticadienolic acid (MDLA), and oleanonic acid (ONNA). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a remarkable 26.71-fold and 3.4-fold increase in UA content in leaf and root calli treated with AgNO3, respectively. It is noteworthy that ULA, MDLA and ONNA were not present prior to elicitation but were detected after elicitation. The accumulation of anticancer triterpenoids in callus cultures generated from various P. lentiscus L. explants is first demonstrated in our research. In addition, this research demonstrates a structured methodology for the enhancement of the accumulation of anticancer triterpenoids during callus culture.Öğe Erkek antepfıstığı (Pistacia vera L. cv. "Atlı")ağaçlarının in vitro mikroçoğaltılması(2017) Tilkat, Engin; Özen, Hasan ÇetinBu çalışmada 25 yıllık olgun erkek Antepfıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) cv. ‘Atlı’ ağaçlarından alınan apikal tomurcuklar kullanılarak bir in vitro klonal mikroçoğaltım metodu geliştirildi. Kültüre alınacak olan eksplantların yüzey sterilizasyonu % 10’luk NaOCl içinde 40 dakika boyunca çalkalanarak yapıldı. Sürgün uçlarından itibaren, kültür başlatılması, sürgün çoğaltılması, rejenere sürgünlerin köklendirilmesi ve köklendirilmiş fidelerin sera koşullarına adaptasyonu için metotlar geliştirildi. Kültür başlatılması için 6-Benzylaminopurin (BA)’ın mutlaka gerekli olduğu tespit edildi. Sürgün proliferasyonu için test edilen sitokininler (BA, Kin, TDZ) içerisinde 0,5-2.0 mgl-1 aralığında BA içeren, 5.5 gl-1 agar ve 30 gl-1 sakkaroz içeren, 1/1 konsantrasyonunda MS besi ortamının en iyi sonuç verdiği tespit edildi. Sürgün proliferasyonuna optimizasyon çalışmalarında tespit edilen en iyi sitokinin konsantrasyonuna (0.5-2.0 mgl-1 BA) oksin, gibberellin ve poliamin ilavesinin olumlu sonuçlar vermediği tespit edildi. In vitro rejenere edilen sürgünlerin köklendirilme çalışmalarında en iyi oran (% 73), 1.0 mgl-1 BA içeren MS besi ortamında daha önce 20 kez alt kültürü yapılmış 4 cm uzunluğundaki sürgünlerin 2.0 mgl-1 IBA içeren MS besi ortamında kültüre alınmasıyla elde edildi. Test edilen diğer oksinlerde (IAA, NAA ve 2-4 D) daha düşük köklenme oranları elde edilmiştir. In vitro köklendirilen bitkicikler in vivo koşullara başarılı bir şekilde (% 95) adapte edildi. Sonuçlar seçkin Antepfıstığı ağaçlarının klonlanma stratejileri açısından tartışıldı. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erkek Antepfıstığı, in vitro, mikroçoğaltımÖğe Establishment of Callus Cultures from Different Axenic Leaf Explant Types of Lentisk (P. lentiscus L.).(Springer, 2017) Demir, Elif; Hoser, Ayse; Asan, Hilal Surmus; Tilkat, Engin; Suzerer, Veysel; Ertas, Abdulselam; Onay, Ahmet[Abstract Not Available]Öğe In vitro conservation and cryopreservation of mature pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) germplasm(Springer India, 2013) Akdemir, Huelya; Suzerer, Veysel; Tilkat, Engin; Yildirim, Hakan; Onay, Ahmet; Ciftci, Yelda OzdenAs genetic erosion of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) has been occurring in the Mediterranean, Central and West Asia and North Africa, experiments were conducted to conserve two cultivars ('Atli' and 'Siirt') of mature pistachio germplasm by assessing both medium-and long-term conservation techniques. In medium-term conservation, our results showed that it was feasible to conserve both cultivars in the form of either microshoots or encapsulated shoot apices up to 12 months at 4 degrees C in the dark. As regards long-term conservation, encapsulation-dehydration and droplet-vitrification techniques were assessed for cryopreservation of cold-hardened and osmoprotected shoot apices of mature 'Atli' cultivar. Among the methods tested, 13.6% of regrowth was achieved with incubation of explants in the droplets of vitrification solution for 150 min at 0 degrees C followed by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN), rapidly thawed and then cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 BA and 0.5 mg L-1 GA(3). The developed droplet-vitrification technique appeared as a promising procedure for long-term preservation of shoot apices of mature pistachio germplasm. Moreover, assesment of genetic fidelity by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) revealed out high levels of genetic stability between donor plant and cryopreserved plants (similarity indexes between 0.959 and 0.973) after they were subcultured for at least 3 months. The detected low level of genetic instability could be due to the toxic effect of PVS2 and regeneration phase. The optimized conservation techniques, especially slow growth storage, could be applied to preserve other Pistacia species.Öğe In vitro micropropagation of almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonpareil)(Academic Journals, 2008) Isikalan, Cigdem; Akbas, Filiz Adiyaman; Namli, Suereyya; Tilkat, Engin; Basaran, DavutAn efficient in vitro propagation method was developed for almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonpareil). The effect of BA and kinetin (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mgl(-1)) on the culture initiation of zygotic embryos isolated from mature seeds was investigated. A Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium containing 30 gl(-1) sucrose, 0.5 and 1.0 mgl(-1) N-6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 7 gl(-1) agar resulted in a multiple shoot initiation at the rate of 11.0 +/- 1.32 and 14.7 +/- 2.12 shoot per explant, respectively, in 28 days of culture. The effects of a low concentration of BA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mgl(-1)) and different combinations of auxin + cytokinin were investigated for shoot proliferation. The best results for new shoot production were obtained from a MS culture medium which was supplemented with 1.0 mgl(-1) BA. The rooting was achieved in a MS medium supplemented with 8.0 mgl(-1) indole acetic acid (IAA). The in vitro raised plants were acclimatized in a growth room and successfully transplanted to the field. This method here in described will be useful for the rapid multiplication of almond (A. communis L. cv. Nonpareil) in commercial exploitation.Öğe In vitro rooting improvement of adult pistachio, Pistacia vera L. 'Atli'(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2009) Tilkat, Engin; Onay, Ahmet; Tokatlı, Yelda ÖzdenAxenic cultures of Pistacia vera L. 'Atli' initiated on agar solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA) were proliferated and maintained on an MS medium supplemented with 4.4 ?M BA. Using these proliferated cultures, effects of: i) washing of the basal-cut-ends in sterile distilled water; ii) dipping of the basal-cut-ends in the different indole butyric acid (IBA) solutions; iii) cloned shoots; and iv) explant sizes (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 cm long) were assessed for root induction. The highest rooting frequency (92%) of microshoots was recorded at 4.0 cm long cloned and twice washed microshoots. Rooting was apparent within 14 days. The present study also aimed to reduce the occurrence of basal callus production. The microshoots cultured from the cloned shoots produced less calli than the mixed population, and developed roots that resemble the seedling plantlets. Those plantlets that had been rooted and exposed to sterile compost were able to acclimatize readily. Major improvement of the present study over previously published protocols has been achieved with the improvement of the in vitro rooting percentages of adult pistachio plantlets.Öğe In vivo and in vitro micrografting of Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. cv. "Siirt"(2003) Işıkalan, Çiğdem; Pirinç, Vedat; Tilkat, Engin; Başaran, Davut; Adıyaman, Filiz; Onay, AhmetBu çalışmada Antep fıstığının (Pistacia vera L. ev. "Siirt") in vitro ve in vivo mikro aşılanması araştırıldı. Çalışmada farklı yaş grubu ağaçlardan (1 ,5, 10, 30 yıllık) alınan mikroçeliklerin in vivo ve in vitro ortamda aşı tutma oranlan rapor edildi. In vitro mikro aşılamada, laboratuvarda sterilize edilen tohumlardan, Murashige ve Skoog (MS) besi ortamlarında çimlendirilen 10-12 günlük fideler anaç olarak kullanılırken, in vivo mikro aşılamada 3 aylık fideler anaç olarak kullanıldı, in vivo mikro aşılamada, çelik ile anaç arasındaki destek ve kaynaşmayı sağlamak için parafilm bant kullanıldı. In vivo mikro aşılı fidelerde daha fazla sürgün oluştuğu ve daha iyi büyüme gözlendiği gibi tarla koşullarına aktarıldıktan sonra gelişmelerine devam ettiler. Yumuşak dokulu genç anaçlarda mikroçeliklerin (meristemlerin) gelişmesi değerlendirildiğinde, Antep fıstığının klonal çoğaltımı için faydalı bir teknik olabileceği kanısındayız.Öğe Indirect somatic embryogenesis from mature embryo cultures of pistachio, Pistacia vera L.(Sejani Publisher, 2007) Onay, Ahmet; Tilkat, Engin; Yildirim, Hakan; Suzerer, VeyselInduction of somatic embryogenesis, proliferation and development of somatic embryos was obtained through different culture passages with respect to plant growth regulators. Callus cultures were initiated on callus induction medium (CIM) containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts with Gamborg vitamins supplemented with 2.0 mg l(-1)2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 40 g l(-1) sucrose from mature zygotic embryo of pistachio. Embryogenic tissue with globular somatic embryos was obtained when the calli were initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg vitamins supplemented with 1-4 mg l(-1) 2,4-D or its combination with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The embryogenic cultures were maintained on an embryogenesis induction medium (EIM), which contains 1-2 mg l(-1) BAP for 4 weeks. These cultures were regularly subcultured every three or four weeks on EIM. After transfer of the embryogenic tissues into the somatic embryo maturation medium (ENM) containing 0.5 mg l(-1) BAP, with various concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose, somatic embryos appeared. On the media with 0.5 mg P ABA and 6% sucrose the highest number of somatic embryos (42 per 250 mg of fresh weight) was formed. Adventive stages of somatic embryos were manually separated from the friable embryogenic tissues. Separated somatic embryos germinated on solidified MS medium without growth regulators, developed into plantlets.Öğe Influence of in vitro micropropagation growth conditions on stomatal and morphological characteristics of mature Pistacia vera L.(Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2020) Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Tilkat, Engin; Hoşgören, Hülya; Kaplan, AlevcanThis research was conducted to reveal the stomatal anatomy, stomatal index and water loss (%) of mature pistachio leaves as well as the leaves of different phases (multiplication, rooting, hardening and regenerated plant) of micropropagation of mature pistachio trees obtained from the in vitro. Microscopic observations on surfaces of these leaves showed variety from elliptical to ovate stomata with length of 0.81-2.02 μm and width of 1.58-3.80 μm. An increase in stomatal index (SI) in the leaves of plants grown in vitro was observed most specifically in the hardening phase. (17.49±0.04). The stomatal index declined in the leaves of plantlets transferred to in vivo conditions subsequent to the hardening phase. In order to measure water loss, leaves obtained from all types of samples were dried in the oven between 30 minutes and 2 hours and weighed. The percent water loss of in vitro leaves of multiplication phase was greater than the other phases. The stomatal differentation was found to be influenced by the different hardening regimes applied. Hardening by covering the pots with polyethylene bags improved the survival rate. This study indicates that optmization of in vitro micropropagation stages is necessary to avoid transplantation stress.Öğe Initiation of Cell Suspension Cultures from Axenic Leaf Explants of Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus L.)(Springer, 2017) Hoser, Ayse; Demir, Elif; Asan, Hilal Surmus; Suzerer, Veysel; Tilkat, Engin; Ertas, Abdulselam; Onay, Ahmet[Abstract Not Available]
