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Öğe Determination and assesment of the sex chromosomes of male trees of pstachio (Pistacia vera L.) using in vitro culture(Southern Cross Publ, 2011) Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Namli, Sureyya; Isikalan, CigdemThe chromosome number and karyotype analysis of male trees of P. vera L. was investigated to determine the sex chromosomes. For karyological determination, root tips were obtained from in vitro derived shoots. Afterwards fifty plates of mitosis were used for the karyotyping, the five best metaphase plates were measured for karyotype analysis, karyogram and idiogram. The conclusions obtained from the chromosome studies illustrated that the chromosome complement of P. vera L. has 2n = 30 chromosome pairs with metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric and telocentric centromeres. Karyotype analysis revealed that male trees of P. vera L. have heteromorphic sex chromosomes (Xy). The largest pair of chromosomes have different physical features from the other pairs. Neither polyploidy nor satellite was detected on any of these chromosome plates.Öğe Determination of enzyme inhibition potential and anticancer effects of pistacia khinjuk stocks raised in in vitro and in vivo conditions(MDPI, 2021) Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Batıbay, Hayri; Yener, İsmail; Yılmaz, Pelin Köseoğlu; Akdeniz, Mehmet; Kaplan, Alevcan; Ercişli, Sezai; Ertas, Abdulselam; Holubec, VojtechIn this study, antihypertensive, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities of in vivo (male and female) and in vitro samples (root, stem and leaf parts) of the Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were investigated comparatively. In this context, in vitro shoot cultures were obtained from germinated mature seeds. Then, the juvenile shoots were proliferated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). In terms of anticancer activity, the whole of the samples studied was found to have apoptotic effects against MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HT-29 (colon cancer) cell lines. The extracts obtained from in vivo female root parts showed better cytotoxicity than all the other tested extracts on MCF-7 (IC50: 31.86 +/- 1.40 mu g/mL) and HT-29 cell series (IC50: 59.60 +/- 0.69 mu g/mL). Even though all the samples showed a strong butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (BChE) activity, it was detected that none of the samples had shown acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (AChE). It was also determined that in vivo leaf samples of female trees had the highest BChE activity (Inhibition%: 75.20 +/- 1.50). All the samples showed a low-moderate level of urease and tyrosinase enzyme activity, while in vivo samples showed a significant level of the elastase enzyme activities (Inhibition%: 58.72 for female root extracts; 58.25 for female leaf extracts, at 50 mu g/mL concentration), and they were more active than the standard oleanolic acid (Inhibition%: 39.46 +/- 0.52). The antihypertensive activities as the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) of in vivo samples (Inhibition%: 95.88 for female stem extracts; 95.18 for female root extracts) were detected as close to the standard (Inhibition%: 96.64 +/- 1.85) used. In general, it can be stated that in vivo samples had higher biological activities compared to in vitro ones. Consequently, according to our results, it was concluded that in vitro stem parts of khinjuk pistachio could also be evaluated as an alternative new antihypertensive, antielastase and anticancer agent source.Öğe Developments in pistachio biotechnology(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Tilkat, Engin; Onay, Ahmet; Ozden, Yelda; Yildirim, Hakan; Tilkat, Emine Ayaz[Abstract Not Available]Öğe The effect of different plant hormones (PGRs) on multiple shoots of Hypericum retusum Aucher(Southern Cross Publ, 2010) Namli, Suereyya; Akbas, Filiz; Isikalan, Cigdem; Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Basaran, DavutUse of Hypericum species have increased in the past few years due to the antidepressant and antiviral activities found in extracts of those plants. As a result of its potential as a pharmaceutical, a new system was developed for in vitro culture of this species. The goal of this investigation was to produce multiple shoot via in vitro techniques for Hypericum retusum Aucher. In vitro germination of the seeds was standardized on Murashige and Skoog (MS) hormone-free medium. Cultures were initiated from shoots inoculated onto MS medium supplemented individually with nine different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kn). The highest number of shoots was obtained on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l(-1) BAP (64.25 shoot/explant). Out of all the investigated concentrations of Kn, the best result was obtained on medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l(-1) Kn (27.87 shoot/explant). In addition, shoots were cultured separately on the media containing BAP (0.5 mgl(-1)) and Kn (1.5 mgl(-1)) combined with three different auxins (0.25 mgl(-1) IAA, IBA, NAA). In view of number and length of shoot the best result was obtained on the medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l(-1) BAP + 0.25 mg l(-1) IBA (54.12 shoot/explant, 3.36 length of shoot). In the presented study, the use of the BAP alone was the most efficient for shoot propagation. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred to soil.Öğe Effects of Salt Stress on Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characters of Lentisk (P. lentiscus L.)(Uğur ÇAKILCIOĞLU, 2019) Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Kaplan, Alevcan; Tilkat, Engin; Bağlamış, Gurbet; Onay, AhmetAmong abiotic stresses salinity is the most detrimental factor in limiting crop productivity. In this study, the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) on growth and physiological parameters of Pistacia lentiscus L. seedlings raised in in vitro condition for 4 weeks was investigated. For this purpose the seeds of Lentisk were germinated in Murashige and Skoog, (1962) basal mediums containing different NaCl concentrations. The morphological, physiological and biochemical changes that occurred in the seedlings were measured and recorded after exposure to salt stress. These results show that visible leaf damage of Lentisk seedlings are affected by high salt concentrations. High salinity concentrations significantly reduce root and stem lengths, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, Cl-a, Cl-b and carotenoid values after the culture periods. At 250 mM salt concentration, root and stem growth were found to be completely stopped. The parameters over the 50 mM salt concentrations caused in decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase (POD).Öğe Effects of UV-B radiation on total phenolic, flavonoid and hypericin contents in Hypericum retusum Aucher grown under in vitro conditions(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Namli, Sureyya; Isikalan, Cigdem; Akbas, Filiz; Toker, Zuhal; Tilkat, Emine AyazThis study was conducted to increase total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation in in vitro cultures of Hypericum retusum Aucher to determine the appropriate time of UV radiations. Proliferation of plantlets on Murashige-Skoog medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 N-6-benzylaminopurine was achieved under in vitro conditions. Then, the plantlets were exposed to UV-B radiation for different periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 min). The highest total phenolics, flavonoids and hypericin accumulation (43.17 +/- 0.8; 35.09 +/- 0.8; 2.7 +/- 0.05 mg g(-1), respectively) was achieved at 45 minutes of exposure to UV-B radiation when compared with the contents of naturally growing plants (23.33 +/- 0.9, 18.62 +/- 0.3 and 1.6 +/- 0.01 mg g(-1), respectively) and control groups (control group was not subjected to UV-B radiation).Öğe Influence of in vitro micropropagation growth conditions on stomatal and morphological characteristics of mature Pistacia vera L.(Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2020) Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Tilkat, Engin; Hoşgören, Hülya; Kaplan, AlevcanThis research was conducted to reveal the stomatal anatomy, stomatal index and water loss (%) of mature pistachio leaves as well as the leaves of different phases (multiplication, rooting, hardening and regenerated plant) of micropropagation of mature pistachio trees obtained from the in vitro. Microscopic observations on surfaces of these leaves showed variety from elliptical to ovate stomata with length of 0.81-2.02 μm and width of 1.58-3.80 μm. An increase in stomatal index (SI) in the leaves of plants grown in vitro was observed most specifically in the hardening phase. (17.49±0.04). The stomatal index declined in the leaves of plantlets transferred to in vivo conditions subsequent to the hardening phase. In order to measure water loss, leaves obtained from all types of samples were dried in the oven between 30 minutes and 2 hours and weighed. The percent water loss of in vitro leaves of multiplication phase was greater than the other phases. The stomatal differentation was found to be influenced by the different hardening regimes applied. Hardening by covering the pots with polyethylene bags improved the survival rate. This study indicates that optmization of in vitro micropropagation stages is necessary to avoid transplantation stress.Öğe Mass shoot proliferation of pistacia khinjuk stocks using temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS)(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2014) Tilkat, Engin; Süzerer, Veysel; Ersali, Yusuf; Hoşer, Ayşe; Kılınç, Fatih Mehmet; Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Akdemir, Hülya; Onay, AhmetA temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS), compared to semi-solid systems has many advantages such as (1) the system can be controlled by an automation system; (2) a greater number of explants could be used at the same time and (3) there is no need to use an organic gelling agent. In this study, we aimed to develop a method suitable for mass shoot proliferation of P. khinjuk Stocks. Shoot tips and nodal segments of in vitro grown axenic regenerates derived from seedlings of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were used as material. In both semi-solid and liquid medium experiments, an MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA and 30 g/L sucrose was used. Various immersion frequencies (2, 4, 8, 16 or 20 h) and immersion times (5, 10 or 15 min) were tested on the TIS system. Repeated trials for immersion frequencies at short time intervals (10 min/2 h, 10 min/4 h etc.) showed hyper hydrated explants up to 100%, while this problem was not observed in immersions with relatively longer time intervals (10 min/20 h). The highest shoot forming capacity index (3.12) and the minimum hyper hydration rate (8%) were obtained in shoot tips with 10 min immersion frequency every 16 h. The protocol presented here, presents the initial stage of mass propagation of P. khinjuk Stocks cultures.
