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Öğe The Basic Properties of Transesterified Corn Oil and Biodiesel-Diesel Blends(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Aydin, F.; Kafadar, A. B.; Erdogan, S.; Saydut, A.; Kaya, C.; Hamamci, C.Biodiesel, one of green fuels and clean energies, is compatible with traditional petroleum-based diesel and both can be completely blended without any stratification. Biodiesel was prepared from corn by transesterification of the crude oil with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Transesterified corn oil has better properties globally because it has the greater monounsaturated content. Determination of blend levels is one important issue to the quality control of biodiesel due to the increase of biodiesel-diesel blends commercialization. The objective of this study was to characterize how the key fuel properties changed when the commercial petroleum diesel fuel was blended with methyl ester produced from corn oil. In the present study, commercially available diesel fuel was blended with the biodiesel prepared from corn oil. The blends of biodiesel petroleum diesel were prepared on a volume basis. The important properties of corn oil methyl ester (biodiesel)-diesel fuel blends, such as density and kinematic viscosity, are found out and compared to those of No. 2 petroleum diesel, ASTM, and EN biodiesel standards.Öğe Biodiesel Production via Transesterification from Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seed Oil(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Hamamci, C.; Saydut, A.; Tonbul, Y.; Kaya, C.; Kafadar, A. B.The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil was extracted from the seeds of the safflower that grows in Diyarbakir, SE Anatolia of Turkey. Carthamus tinctorius L. seed oil was investigated as an alternative feedstock for the production of a biodiesel fuel. By traditional solvent extraction, oil was obtained and biodiesel was prepared from safflower by transesterification of the crude oil. A maximum conversion of 93% (oil to ester) was achieved using 100% excess methanol, i.e., molar ratio of methanol to oil is 6:1 and catalyst (NaOH) concentration of 0.5% at 65 degrees C. The viscosity of biodiesel oil is nearer to that of petroleum diesel and the calorific value is about 5.5% less than that of diesel. The quality of biodiesel is most important for engine parts and various standards have been specified to check the quality. The important properties of safflower oil and its methyl ester (biodiesel), such as density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, iodine number, neutralization number, pour point, cloud point, and cetane number, are found out and compared to those of No. 2 petroleum diesel. Fuel properties of methyl esters of Carthamus tinctorius L. oil compare well with ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. The present experimental results support that methyl ester of safflower seed oil can be successfully used as diesel.Öğe The Characterization of Liquid Product via Flash Pyrolysis of Coal (Hazro, SE Anatolia, Turkey)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2010) Saydut, A.; Duz, M. Z.; Erdogan, S.; Hamamci, C.Coal can be converted into a variety of secondary products, such as light hydrocarbon gases, tar, and high quality fuel char, by means of pyrolysis. Liquefaction of Hazro (Diyarbakir, SE Anatolia, Turkey) coal, -0.60 + 0.25 mm particle size, and using flash pyrolysis was performed in a fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate 40 degrees C min-1 at a temperature ranging from 400 to 800 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere. The effect of temperature on conversion and liquid yield was examined. The flash pyrolysis temperature resulted in a large increase in the oil yield, tar, and gases; a large increase in the yield of hydrocarbon gases occurred as a result of temperature at 550 degrees C, which was attributed to an increased thermal cracking of pyrolysis vapors. Pyrolysis oil was treated with silica gel column chromatography. Using n-hexane, toluene, and methanol, the oil was separated into aliphatic, aromatic, and polar components, respectively. The fractions from silica gel chromatography of liquid product obtained both by nitrogen pyrolysis were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Öğe Chemical Leaching on Sulfur and Mineral Matter Removal from Asphaltite (Harbul, SE Anatolia, Turkey)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Saydut, A.; Duz, M. Z.; Erdogan, S.; Tonbul, Y.; Hamamci, C.Desulfurization and demineralization by an aqueous caustic leaching method was investigated of an asphaltite sample from Harbul (Silopi, SE Anatolia, Turkey). The effects of different parameters, such as alkali concentration, time, and temperature, on the leaching efficiency were detailed and the experimental results are presented here. The caustic concentration varied from 0.1-1.0 M, temperature was 100-180 degrees C, and leaching time varied from 4-16 h. The removal of total sulfur and ash increases with increasing alkali concentration, leaching temperature, and time. As a result of aqueous caustic leaching, the ash content of asphaltite was reduced from 32.49 to 18.00%, and 76% of combustible was recovered. Total sulfur and volatile matter content was reduced from 7.02 to 2.68% and from 46.74 to 25.10%, respectively.Öğe Desulfurization and demineralization of asphaltite by aqueous caustic leaching(Estonian Acad Publishers, 2007) Saydut, A.; Duz, M. Z.; Hamamci, C.The method of desulfurization and demineralization by aqueous caustic leaching (ACL) was used for treatment of asphaltite samples front Seguruk collieries of Sirnak asphaltite fields, situated in Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey. The effect of different parameters such as alkali concentration, time and temperature on leaching efficiency was studied, and the experimental results are presented here. The concentration of caustic was varied from 0.1 to 1.0 M, temperature from 100 to 180 degrees C, and leaching time from 4 to 16 h. Elevation of alkali concentration, leaching temperature and prolongation of time increase the removal of total sulfur and ash. As a result of ACL, ash content of asphaltite was reduced from 40.08 to 22.14%, and 75% of combustible was recovered. Total sulfur and volatile matter content was reduced from 6.74 to 2.49% and from 33.72 to 19.10%, respectively.Öğe Effect of homogeneous alkaline catalyst type on biodiesel production from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil(Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2016) Saydut, A.; Kafadar, A. B.; Aydin, F.; Erdogan, S.; Kaya, C.; Hamamci, C.Transesterification or alcoholysis is the most commonly applied method for biodiesel production. A catalyst is needed to improve the transesterification reaction and yield. The present study used soybean oil as the raw oil to mix with methanol and four strong alkali catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CH3ONa & CH3OK) to undergo a transesterification reaction. Transesterification was carried out using 100% :excess alcohol, i.e., molar ratio of alcohol to soybean oil was 6:1, and, catalyst concentration of 1% at 60 degrees C. Alkali metal alkoxides were found to be more effective transesterification catalysts compared to hydroxides. Sodium methdxide was the most efficient catalyst, although KOH and NaOH could also be used because they are cheaper and are used widely in large scale processing:Öğe Effect of molten caustic leaching on demineralization and desulfurization of asphaltite(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2008) Duz, M. Z.; Erdogan, S.; Saydut, A.; Merdivan, M.; Hamamci, C.Molten caustic leaching process is effective in reducing significant amounts of ash-forming minerals, pyritic sulfur, and organic sulfur from solid fossil fuels. The effect of leaching asphaltite samples from Seguruk and Harbul collieries of Sirnak and Silopi asphaltite fields (situated in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey) with molten sodium hydroxide and followed by mild acid on demineralization and desulfurization was investigated. The effects of alkali/asphaltite ratio, time, and temperature on the leaching efficiency were detailed, and the experimental results are presented here. Chemical demineralization and desulfurization of asphaltite samples using molten sodium hydroxide were investigated in the temperature range of 200 degrees C-400 degrees C. The percentage of demineralization and desulfurization increased with the increase in alkali/asphaltite ratio. The removal of total sulfur and ash increased with increasing leaching temperature and time. Most of the inorganic sulfur and a significant portion of the organic sulfur were removed.Öğe A kinetic investigation on the pyrolysis of Seguruk asphaltite(Springer, 2009) Tonbul, Y.; Saydut, A.; Yurdako, K.; Hamamci, C.The pyrolysis of Seguruk asphaltite has been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis at atmospheric pressure between 293 to 1223 K at different linear heating rates of 5, 10 and 20 K min(-1) under nitrogen as ambient gas. There was a two-stage thermal decomposition. Thermal decomposition started around 630 K for stage 1 for the slowest heating rate. On the other hand, for the same heating rate and stage 2, thermal decomposition started around 950 K. These values were shifted to higher temperatures with increasing heating rate. In this study, two different Coats-Redfern methods were applied to thermal degradation of Seguruk asphaltite.Öğe Molybdenum Speciation in Coal Bottom Ash Using a Sequential Extraction Procedure and Determination by FAAS(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013) Aydin, F.; Saydut, A.; Gunduz, B.; Aydin, I.; Erdogan, S.; Hamamci, C.Coal bottom ash contains many elements that exist in different forms, which may change throughout the coal combustion process. This study presents the concentration and speciation of molybdenum in bottom ash of coal. Determination of total molybdenum was performed by two-stage microwave-acid digestion followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A sequential extraction process to speciation of molybdenum from coal bottom ash was investigated. The most abundant form of molybdenum in samples is sulfide fraction of molybdenum. Relative abundances of the remaining fractions follow the order: Residual > Reduciple > Oxidizable > Exchangeable > Carbonate > Water soluble.Öğe Pistacia terebintus L. Seed Oil: A New Possible Source of Biodiesel(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2014) Baysal, Z.; Uyar, F.; Saydut, A.; Kaya, C.; Kafadar, A. B.; Hamamci, C.Pistacia terebintus, a member of the family Anacardiaceae, is a perennial plant that widely grows in the southern and western regions of Anatolia. Pistacia terebintus L. seeds contain 66% oil, which allows the possibility of economical exploitation. The main monounsaturated fatty acid is oleic (55-75% w/w), polyunsaturated linoleic (15-38% w/w), while the main saturated fatty acid is palmitic (8-20% w/w). Pistacia terebintus L. seed oil was investigated as an alternative feedstock for the production of a biodiesel fuel. Three commonly used catalysts for alkaline-catalyzed transesterification, i.e., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium methoxide, were evaluated using conventional heating with Pistacia terebintus L. oil. High biodiesel yield (97.8%) was obtained by using sodium methoxide, because they only contain the hydroxide group, necessary for saponification, as a low proportion impurity. The methyl ester has relatively closer fuel properties to diesel than that of raw seed oil. Plant improvement programs could make Pistacia terebintus L. a viable alternative for biodiesel production.Öğe Pyrolysis kinetics of asphaltites determined by thermal analysis(Estonian Acad Publishers, 2006) Tonbul, Y.; Saydut, A.; Hamamci, C.Thermal behavior of Harbul asphaltites (SE Anatolia, Turkey) has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis at atmospheric pressure and with nitrogen as the ambient gas. Asphaltite samples were ground and separated according to their size by sieving. Particle size distribution and chemical composition of asphaltite fractions are given. TG/DTG data of samples demonstrated two stages of mass loss. The first stage, called primary volatization, occurs in the range of 200-600 degrees C, and the second stage, called secondary gasification, in the range of 600-800 degrees C. Kinetic parameters of pyrolysis of asphaltite samples (activation energy, Arrhenius constant and reaction rate constant) were determined separately for both two stages using Coats-Redfern kinetic model.Öğe Thermal behavior and pyrolysis of Avgamasya asphaltite(Estonian Acad Publishers, 2007) Tonbul, Y.; Saydut, A.The pyrolysis and thermal behavior of Avgamasya (SE Anatolia, Turkey) asphaltite was performed using thermogravimetric analysis at atmospheric pressure in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (30mL min(-1)). Four heating rate profiles (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 K min(-1)) were applied, with a final temperature 1123 K. Two-stage decomposition was observed in the experiments. During the stage 1, when the temperature is lower, only weaker chemical bonds are destroyed and some small gaseous molecules are produced. During the stage 2, when temperature is higher, the cracking is faster and stronger chemical bonds are broken, so that larger molecules decompose into small molecules in the gaseous phase. Kissinger (differential) and Coats-Redfern (integral) methods were applied to thermogravimetric data to obtain kinetic parameters (activation energy and Arrhenius constant).
