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Antimicrobial activities of some thyme (Thymus, Staureja, Origanum and Thymbra) species against important plant pathogens (vol 18, pg 1455, 2006)
(Mrs Pushpa Agarwal, 2006) Kizil, Suleyman; Uyar, Fikret
[Abstract Not Available]
Biological Activities of Origanum, Satureja, Thymbra and Thymus Species Grown in Turkey
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Kizil, Suleyman; Hasimi, Nesrin; Tolan, Veysel
In the present study, seven thyme species Origanum onites, O. vulgare var. hirtum, O. vulgare var. gracile, O. syriacum, Satureja hortensis, Thymbra spicata, and Thymus vulgaris were used. The essential oils of these plants were obtained by the hydrodistillation method. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils against microorganisms, including multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria, were investigated using the disc diffusion method. All the essential oils used in this study were very effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which included multiple resistant strains. All essential oils tested were especially very effective against Streptococcus pyogenes. The maximum antimicrobial activity was observed with the essential oils of S. hortensis. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils varied depending on the species. In fact, the essential oils of some thyme species showed different levels of antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity results show that the percentage of inhibition values ranged from 28.32 to 94.55 %. Among essential oils, O. vulgare var. gracile oil showed the lowest antioxidant capacity (28.32 %), while S. hortensis showed the highest one (94.55 %). Generally, the data suggest that different thyme species oil possesses useful antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and may be utilized in the food industry and as a dietary supplement.
Blooming stages of Turkish hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) affect essential oil composition
(Taylor & Francis As, 2008) Kizil, Suleyman; Toncer, Ozlem; Ipek, Arif; Arslan, Neset; Saglam, Sevil; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), native to the Caucasus, North Western Iran, Turkish North Eastern Black Sea region, and Southern Anatolia, is a highly valued medicinal plant. The experiment was conducted to find the effect of harvesting at different blooming stages of the plant on fresh and dry herbage yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content, and essential oil components. In total, twenty-nine components were identified in hyssop essential oil by GC/MS. Isopinocamphone was the dominating component (47.9 51.4%) in the all analysed oil samples. The results clearly demonstrated that oil contents are seriously affected by the environmental conditions and stage of blooming, with the highest oil yield and oil contents at the post-blooming stage.
Bulblets regeneration from in vitro improved leaf of Fritillaria imperialis L. and F. persica L.
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Kizil, Suleyman; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Sesiz, Ugur
[Abstract Not Available]
Changes in Essential Oil Composition of Oregano (Origanum onites L.) due to Diurnal Variations at Different Development Stages
(Univ Agr Sci & Veterinary Med Cluj-Napoca, 2009) Toncer, Ozlem; Karaman, Sengul; Kizil, Suleyman; Diraz, Emel
The composition of essential oil in plants was affected by genetical and environmental conditions, which is determined by growth region and harvesting time in terms of ontogenetical and diurnal variability. in the present study, aerial parts of Origanum onites were harvested at three different development stages (pre, full and post flowering) and six different times of the day (06:00, 10:00, 12:00,16:00, 20:00 and 24:00 h). A total of twenty-six components were identified by GC-MS, The major component was carvacrol, followed by thymol, p-cymene and gamma-terpinene. The content of carvacrol in the essential oil varied between 24.66 and 52.58% and the highest carvacrol content was obtained from 10:00 h at pre-flowering stages, thymol content changed between 2.80 and 23.77% and the highest thymol content was also obtained from 24:00 h at pre-flowering stages.
Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L ) Essential Oil
(Univ Agr Sci & Veterinary Med Cluj-Napoca, 2010) Kizil, Suleyman; Hasimi, Nesrin; Tolan, Veysel; Kilinc, Ersin; Karatas, Hakan
The essential oil of hyssop is widely used in food pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries throughout the world Therefore, it is very important to know the chemical characteristics of the oil for economic use and enhanced performance of the end products This study was carried out to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis (L) (Lamiaceae) collected from wild in the Southeast Anatolian Turkey Chemical compositions of hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from hyssop leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) For antimicrobial activity disc diffusion tests were carried out on Escherichia coli line ATCC25922 Pseudomonas aeroginosa line ATCC27853 Staphylococcus aureus line 25923 Staphylococcus pyogenes line ATCC19615 and Candida albicans line ATCC10231 and the antioxidant activity was determined by using the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method It was determined that hyssop essential oil contained isopinocamphone (5727%) () beta pinene (7 23%) () telpinen 4-ol (7 13%) pinocaivone (649%) carvacrol (3 02%) p cymene (2 81%) and myrtenal (2 32%) as major components As shown by treatments with 5 and 10 mu of oil which exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against S pyogenes S aureus C albicans and E colt but not against P aeruginosa The antioxidant activity of H officinalis essential oil was lower compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid These results demonstrated that hyssop essential oil has relatively low antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial activity against some test organisms
Determination of Essential Oil Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Seeds
(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2014) Hasimi, Nesrin; Tolan, Veysel; Kizil, Suleyman; Kilinc, Ersin
In this research, the essential oil components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seed oils were investigated. The essential oil components determined by GC/MS instrument. The antimicrobial activity determined by disc diffusion method against the gram negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, the gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC19615 and Candida albicans ATCC10231 as the yeast. The antioxidant activities of essential oils were carried out by DPPH free radical scavenging activity method. It was determined that the main components of the anise essential oil were trans-anethole (52.94%) followed by iso-anethole (13.89%), caryophllene oxide (8.55%) and caryophyllene (29.4%); the main components of the cumin essential oil were beta-pinene (15.77%), alpha-terpinene (15:52%), 1-Phenyl-1-butanol (15:13%), cumic aldehyde (12.74%) respectively. Anise essential oil showed weak antimicrobial activity and cumin essential oil showed moderate antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms. Cumin essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against C. albicans with 22 +/- 0.9 mm inhibition zone diameter. P. aeruginosa showed resistance to both essential oils. The antioxidant activity of cumin essential oil (75.60%) was observed closer to ascorbic acid (78.75%), higher than BHA (50.45%) and BHT (23.54%). Although anise essential oil exhibited low activity, it has the similar activity with BHT. The scavenging activity of the samples decreasing order was ascorbic acid> cumin >BHA>BHT> anise.
Determination of essential oil variations of Thymbra spicata var. spicata L. naturally growing in the wild flora of East Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions of Turkey
(Elsevier, 2010) Kizil, Suleyman
Thymbra spicata var. spicata is an important medicinal and aromatic plant species growing wild in various parts of Turkey with high significance in pharmaceutical and food industry. It makes it important to know the factors affecting higher yields of essential oil and possible influence of its mineral elements on pharmacological characteristics. This study was carried out to determine variations among seeds, mineral element content of herbs, yield of essential oils and oil composition of T. spicata accessions collected from 30 different locations lying at an altitude of 121-1249m in Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. Essential oils from aerial parts of T. spicata were obtained by hydro-distillation and their components were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that Thymbra herbages were rich in microelements Al, Ca, Mg, Na and P. Essential oil composition of the samples ranged 1.57-3.27% with characterisation of two different chemotypes. The samples collected from Diyarbakir-Kulp location had 53% (approx.) gamma-terpinene in their essential oil, whereas, the other samples had carvacrol as dominant chemical component with a range of 49.7-94.5%. It is planned to select T. spicata populations and introduce them as cultivars with high essential oil, fresh and dry herbage yield. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
DETERMINATION OF SOME AGRONOMICAL AND DYEING PROPERTIES OF DYER'S CHAMOMILE (ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA L.)
(Univ Zagreb, Fac Agriculture, 2005) Kizil, Suleyman; Kayabasi, Nuran; Arslan, Neset
The present study was designed to determine some agronomical properties and fastnesses of dyeing (against light, abrasion and dry and wet water spotting) with Anthemis tinctoria, which is a perennial herb, used as traditional dyeing in many places of the world. The field experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three replications and four plant densities (20 x 10 (500.000 plant/ha), 20 x 20 (250.000 plant/ha), 40 x 10 (250.000 plant/ha), 40 x 20 (125.000 plant/ha), 60 x 10 (166.600 plant/ha) and 60 x 20 cm (83.300 plant/ha) were used, respectively. In the field trial, flower diameter length varied between 1.53-1.84 mm, fresh flower head yield varied between 2.42-14.19 kg. ha(-1) and dry flower head yield varied between 0.9-3.61 t. ha(-1). For dyeing, alum of aluminium, copper-sulphate, zinc-chloride, potassium-bichromate, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium sulphite and iron-sulphate were used as mordant. A total of 25 dyeing treatments were performed, and very different colours and their tons were obtained.
DETERMINATION OF SOME AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ESSENTIAL OIL VARIATION IN DIFFERENT LOCAL Ocimum basilicum L. ECOTYPES UNDER SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2019) Kizil, Suleyman; Toncer, Ozlem; Sogut, Tahsin; Diraz, Emel; Karaman, Sengul
The study aimed to determine agronomic characteristics and essential oil components of different basil ecotypes in semi-arid climatic conditions of South Eastern Anatolia, Diyarbakir, Turkey. Two-year harvest data about fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content and its components from the plants of year 2015 and 2016 was analyzed in this study. Essential oil components were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The resulting outcomes demonstrated that both ecotypes and harvests had important effects on fresh and dry herb, dry leaf yield and essential oil contents of sweet basil. The highest dry leaf yield was noted from green leafy ecotypes and from second harvest stage. Twenty-three constituents were detected in the essential oil of O. basilicum ecotypes. The main components of basil essential oil were linalool, methyl chavicol, neral, geranial and methyl cinnamate that differed according to ecotypes and harvests during experimental years 2015 and 2016. Purple leafy basil ecotypes were determined as linalool rich, while greenish leaf ecotypes were abundant in methyl chavicol. Silbe - green ecotype contains higher neral and geranial levels than the other ecotypes. It was concluded that basil plant could be grown successfully and harvested two or more times to prefer for maximum dry leaf yield and essential oil contents under semi-arid climatic conditions.
DETERMINATION OF THE BEST HERBAGE YIELD AND HYPERICIN CONTENT OF ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum perforatum L.) UNDER SEMI ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
(Soc Field Crop Sci, 2013) Kizil, Suleyman; Inan, Memet; Kirici, Saliha
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times, it contains several natural products with noteworthy biological activities. There is no clear information about harvesting time yield and yield components of St. John's Wort as the plants are collected from wild. Therefore, this research aimed to determine ontogenetic (pre-flowering, full flowering and post-flowering periods) and morphogenetic (bottom, middle and top parts) variations in herb yield and hypericin content of St. John's Wort under Diyarbakir ecological conditions during the 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07 growing seasons. Fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield and hypericin content were recorded. Ontogenetic x morphogenetic interaction resulted in statistically significant effects on yield characteristics and hypericin contents. The plant was not harvested during the seedling year; whereas fresh herb yields in second and third year ranged 2721 to 5607 kg ha(-1) and 2196 to 3955 kg ha(-1) respectively; while dry leaf yield in the second year varied ranged 323 to 1555 kg ha(-1) and in the third year 161 to 928 kg ha(-1), hypericin content in the second and third year varied between 0.022 to 0.093% and 0.018 to 0.065% depending on parts of the plant. Hypericin content varied according to different parts of the plant, and the maximum value of 0.093% was obtained from the top part of the plants at the full flowering period. The results showed that there is a relationship between dry leaf yield and hypericin content of the plant parts and development stages of the plant.
DIRECT BULBLET REGENERATION FROM STERNBERGIA FISCHERIANA (HERB.) RUPR. BULB SCALE EXPLANTS
(Sejani Publ, 2014) Kizil, Suleyman; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Altuntas, Cigdem; Saglam, Sevil
Attractive golden yellow flowered Sternbergia fischeriana (Herb.) Rupr. multiplies very slow under natural conditions. The study reports multiplication of plants using 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm long bulb scale explants with two, three, four, and five scales attached by a thin base plate segment. Any concentration of 2,4-D 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mg l(-1) in MS medium was ineffective to induce bulblet regeneration on any explant at 15 degrees +/- 1 degrees C. Discursive induction of one or two 0.1 cm diameter bulblets was noted at 24 +/- 1 degrees C on 0.5 cm long two-scale explants. Variable regeneration was observed on 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm long two-scale explants on MS basal medium containing combination of BAP and 0.2 mg l(-1) NAA. Maximum number of 5.0 +/- 0.5 bulblets per 0.5 cm long two-scale bulb explant was obtained on MS medium containing 8.5 mg l(-1) BAP plus 0.20 mg l(-1) NAA. The rooting as affected by the size of bulblet was achieved on MS medium containing 0.75 mg l(-1) NAA. The highest rooting was recorded on 0.47 cm diameter bulblets with 4.3 +/- 0.9 roots per bulblet and 3.7 +/- 0.4 cm long roots.
Diurnal Variation Effects in Essential Oils of Wild Thyme (Thymbra spicata var. spicata L.) Under Cultivation Conditions
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Toncer, Ozlem; Karaman, Sengul; Diraz, Emel; Sogut, Tahsin; Kizil, Suleyman
There are many folkloric uses of Thymbra spicata var. spicata. Very few thyme species are found in semi-arid climatic conditions. T. spicata is one among these which is not under cultivation anywhere. The essential oil of plant possesses high antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to presence of large amounts of phenolic components. The aim of this study was to verify the variation of essential oil and its composition among 12 different populations harvested every three hours in a day (from 06: 00 to 21: 00 h) along 24 hours for Thymbra spicata var. spicata on May 30, 2013. The essential oil of samples were analysed by GC-MS/FID. The results, proved that essential oil content of T. spicata var. spicata harvested at different times varied and ranged 2.02 to 5.04 % such that the amount of essential oil content increased around noon (reaching its maximum at 12: 00 h) followed by a decrease in afternoon hours. The essential oil of T. spicata var. spicata was analysed and a total of 20 components representing 89.57-99.14 % of the oils were identified. The highest carvacrol content (70.87 %) was obtained from 6.00 h harvest and the lowest one was obtained at 12.00 h harvest as 66.36 %. Diurnal variation in p-cymene content was observed with maximum at 21: 00 h harvest (6.89 %) and minimum at 09: 00 h (5.02 %) harvest gamma-Terpinene content of essential oil was maximum when the plants were harvested at 12: 00 h, while the lowest content was found when harvested at 06: 00 h. Carvacrol content was highest in the morning harvest. The results suggest that high oil yield and carvacrol content vary according to the temperature and can be optimised by considering the harvest time of the plant during a day.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DEPTHS ON SOME AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ALLIUM TUNCELIANUM
(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2015) Kizil, Suleyman; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
Allium tuncelianum [(Kollman) N. Ozhatay, B. Mathew & Siraneci] (Syn: A. macrochaetum Boiss. and Hausskn. subsp. tuncelianum Kaman) is an endemic plant species and has been proposed as the wild ancestor of garlic. This study reports agronomic and morphological feature of a field experiment conducted during October 2013 to July 2014 under arid conditions of Turkish province of Diyarbakir to investigate the effect of 7.5 and 15 cm planting depth on morphological features of the plant. The experimental results indicated significantly positive effects of shallow sowing (7.5 cm depth) on vegetative characteristics like plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, bulb circumference, bulb diameter, number of bulbils per plant and bulb weight compared to deep sown (15 cm) bulbs. Flower diameter values varied between 5.74 and 6.07 cm, bulb diameter 2.79 and 3.06 cm and bulb weight between 21.01 and 23.67 g, respectively. Deep sowing had positive effects on generative characteristics like leaf width, number of leaves per bulb, length of leafless stems and inflorescence diameter.
EFFECT OF SOWING TIME ON PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) CULTIVARS: I. YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS, OIL AND PROTEIN CONTENT
(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Sogut, Tahsin; Ozturk, Ferhat; Kizil, Suleyman
The objectives of this research were to investigate the effects of sowing time and cultivar on pod yield, yield components, oil and protein content of peanut crops under irrigated condition in south-eastern of Turkey. Three peanut cultivars, Halis Bey, Osmaniye-2005 and Sultan developed by Cukurova University were grown at the experimental area of Agricultural Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey in 2010 and 2012 with two sowing times ( 15 April as early sowing and 25 June as late sowing). Treatments were arranged in split plot design replicated three times with sowing time in the main plots and cultivars in the subplots. Sowing time affected pod yield, pod number plant(-1) and oil content in both years. Early sowings resulted in higher pod yields, pod number plant(-1) and oil content compared to late sowing for all cultivars. The results also showed that cultivars were different for pod yield in both years. Sultan produced the highest pod yields under both sowing times.
Effect of sowing time on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars: II. Fatty acid composition
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Sogut, Tahsin; Ozturk, Ferhat; Kizil, Suleyman
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sowing time on fatty acid composition of three Virginia-type peanut cultivars developed at Cukurova University. The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of Agricultural Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey in 2010 growing season. The treatment was replicated three times in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with two sowing times (15 April as early sowing and 25 June as late sowing) in the main plots and three cultivars (Halis Bey, Osmaniye-2005 and Sultan) in the sub-plots. The results showed that palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:1), oleic (18:1) and gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3n-6) contents decreased, whereas, linoleic (18:2), arachidic (20:0) and eicosadienoic acid (20:2) increased with delay in sowing time. With regard to cultivars, Osmaniye-2005 was high in total unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio for both sowing times. The results show that sowing time has a marked effect on the fatty acid composition of these peanut cultivars. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT HARVEST PERIODS ON ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS OF Lippia citriodora KUNTH UNDER SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ITS ESSENTIAL OIL
(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2018) Kizil, Suleyman; Dinc, Hayrettin; Diraz, Emel; Toncer, Ozlem; Kizil, Murat; Karaman, Sengul
Lemon verbena is cultivated mainly due to the lemon-like aroma emitted from its leaves that are utilized for most purposes. The chemical composition of the essential oil of lemon verbena was analyzed by GC/MS in July at pre flowering, in September at full flowering and in end of October at post flowering period. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, extracted from Lippia citriodora was tested against laboratory con- trol strains belonging to the American Type Culture Collection (Maryland, USA) four Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria using the disc diffusion test. Antioxidant activity of the sample was determined by l,l-diphenil-2- -picrly-hydrazil (DPPH) assay. Well-known antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol were used as standard. Results showed, among different harvest periods high fresh and dry herbage and dry leaf yields per plant were obtained from full flowering stage. Harvest periods were found to have a significant effect on the content of essential oil and the highest amounts of limonene, neral and geranial and measured as 31.15, 11.92 and 15.53%, respectively at full flowering stage. In all samples, the main constituents were limo- nene, neral and geranial constituting 46.03%-58.59% of the total essential oil yield depend on development stages. Lemon verbena essential oil was found to have antibacterial activity especially against Gram (+) mi- croorganisms. In DPPH system, the moderate radical scavenging activity was exhibited. Therefore, L. citrio- dora has potential to be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food processing.
Effects of different harvest stages on yield and essential oil content of thyme (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen)
(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2006) Kizil, Suleyman
Effects of harvest at the beginning of flowering, full flowering and after full flowering on yield and essential oil of Thymus kotschyanus were evaluated under Diyarbakir ecological conditions during 2002-03 and 2003-04 growing seasons. Harvest times had significant effect on plant height, fresh and dry herbage, dry leaf yield, essential oil and yield. Maximum thymol (48.9%) was obtained when the harvesting was done at the beginning of flowering.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN FORMS ON SOME AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Echinacea purpurea IN SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS OF TURKEY
(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2013) Kizil, Suleyman; Toncer, Ozlem
Echinacea, commonly known as coneflower, is a member of the Asteraceae family. The plant is one of the most commonly medicinal plant, is herbaceous perennials with large daisy-like flowers. The roots and aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea is used commercially as herbal plant for enhancing the immune system and treating common cold. This research was conducted to determine the effects of different nitrogen forms on some agronomical characteristics on purple coneflower. In terms of agronomical parameters, plant height, number of branches, stem diameter, number of head, fresh root weight, fresh flower weight, whole plant fresh weight, dry root weight, dry flower weight, whole plant dry weight per plant were examined. According to the results, the nitrogen forms had no statistically significant effects on yield parameters except fresh & dry root weight. Dry root, dry flower weight and dry whole plant weight were determined as 24.6-31.3 g/plant, 9.3-15.4 g/plant and 76.2-106.6 g/plant, respectively.
THE EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURES ON GERMINATION AND BULB FORMATION OF FRITILLARIA PERSICA L.
(Sejani Publ, 2014) Kizil, Suleyman; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
Fritillaria persica L. with large attractive flowers is native to Western Asian countries of the Middle East including Turkey. Wild populations of this species have shown sharp decrease during last few decades due to habitat destruction for number of socio-economical and anthropological reasons. F. persica is propagated through bulbs and seeds. The seeds have significantly high dormancy such that few seeds germinate under natural conditions. Therefore, this study developed a seed dormancy break protocol using MS medium containing variants of BAP with and without IBA incubated at 4 C in dark. Maximum seed dormancy break (80.00 +/- 0.14%) was registered on MS medium enriched with 2.0 mg l(-1) BAP plus 1.0 mg l(-1) IBA and maximum bulblet induction (40.0 0 +/- 0.71) was noted on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l(-1) BAP plus 1.0 mg l(-1) IBA. Similarly, alternating incubation temperatures of 4 degrees and 10 degrees C for variable durations in days influenced seed germination and bulblet induction variably with 100% seed germination and bulblet induction at 75 days incubation at 4 degrees C followed by 15 days incubation at 10 degrees C. The results also suggested that minimum incubation period of 30 days at 4 degrees C followed by incubation at 10 degrees C for 60 days was required to break seed dormancy. The increase in bulblet diameter was achieved on MS medium containing 50 mg l(-1) sucrose by incubating the bulblets at 4 degrees C for 30 days. Rooting of the Fritillaria bulblets was obtained on MS medium enriched with 0.5 mg l(-1) NAA. This propagation method could be exploited practically avoiding any seasonal constraints to obtain plant material and suggests a positive step further for in vitro propagation of F. persica.

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