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    Cultural possibilities of some economically important geophytes under semi-arid ecological conditions of the south-east Anatolia, Turkey
    (Gaurav Soc Agricultural Research Information Centre-Aric, 2009) Kizil, Sueleyman; Pala, Firat; Ozguven, Mensure; Khawar, K. Mahmood
    Turkey, hosts a variety of around 11000 plant species including indigenous bulbous plants of importance. There is lack of scientific research regarding their unique pharmacological compounds and cultivation techniques. Flower industry as cut flowers, indoor, outdoor and garden plants is becoming more important in modern-day Turkey. There is need to develop techniques for multiplication of flowering geophythes by encouraging scientific research and protecting them from extinction by introduction into new areas. The study reports cultivation possibilities of some important Turkish bulbous plants, Sternbergia clusiana, Fritillaria imperialis, F. Persica, Crocus sativus, Amaryllis sp., Galanthus woronovii, Hyacinthus orientalis, Iris sp., Narcissus tazetta, N. pseudonarcissus and Tulipa sp. widely exported abroad under and conditions of Diyarbakyr, south-eastern Anatolian Turkey. Analysis of results for various growth parameters showed that all of these plant species could be successfully cultivated and grown under and conditions profitably with good economic outturn.
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    Effect of different developing stages on some agronomical characteristics and essential oil composition of oregano (Origanum onites)
    (Rsnz Publishing, 2008) Kizil, Sueleyman; Ipek, Arif; Arslan, Neet; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    This study reports effects of three plant development stages (pre-flowering, full flowering, and post-flowering) of oregano (Origanum onites) on plant height, fresh herbage yield, dry herbage yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield. The results showed that the highest fresh, dry herbage, and dry leaf yield were obtained at the post-flowering stage. However, dry leaf and essential oil yield showed a variation between 4.45-5.68 t ha(-1) and 119.3-190.1 litre ha(-1), respectively. Essential oil content was significantly affected by plant development stages and the highest oil content (3.65%) was obtained at the full flowering stage. The major components of essential oil were determined as carvacrol (42.12-57.0%), thymol (13.21-21.88%), and linalool (8.23-20.28%).
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    The Effect of Different Harvest Stages on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.)
    (Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2009) Kizil, Sueleyman
    Lemon balm has been used for a long time as a pleasant odour medicinal plant. Nowadays, it is cultivated in Mediterranean region, central European and Asia. The study was carried out during 2002-03, 2003-04 and 2004-05 growing seasons under the ecological conditions of Diyarbakir province. The aim of the study was to determine of appropriate harvest time (pre flowering, during full flowering and past flowering) and its effect on some important yield characteristics of lemon balm including fresh, dry herb, dry leaf, essential oil content and essential oil yield. The results indicated highest yield in terms of fresh herbage, dry herbage, dry leaf, essential oil content and essential oil yield when harvesting was done at full flowering stage, and mean values of dry leaf yield and essential oil content of this stage determined as 4235 kg ha(-1) and 0.093%, respectively.
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    Effects of different planting dates on improving yield of Fritillaria imperialis L. and Fritillaria persica L. bulbs damaged by small narcissus fly (Eumerus strigatus Fallen)
    (Academic Journals, 2008) Kizil, Sueleyman; Arslan, Neset; Oelmez-Bayhan, Selime; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    Fritillaria imperialis and F. persica were planted during April 2003 and May 2004 growing seasons on the basis of split block design with three replications to investigate the effects of planting dates on various plant parameters and extent of recovery by planting 25% damaged bulbs. The results showed significant effects of planting dates on plant height, number of bulbs per plant and infected bulb ratio. A comparison of the two species showed that F. persica gave more bulblets than F. imperialis. A general comparison of the two species also showed that damaged bulbs of F. imperialis produced lesser yield compared to F. persica. Furthermore, both species gave more number of bulblets from early and mid September plantings compared to early and mid October plantings. The most suitable date of planting was determined as September 1st and 15th.
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    Effects of sowing periods and P application rates on yield and oil composition of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)
    (Wfl Publ, 2008) Kizil, Sueleyman; Kirici, Saliha; Cakmak, Oezlem; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    The study reports effects of winter and spring sowings and 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha(-1) triple super phosphate (P) application on yield, yield components and fatty acid composition of black cumin during 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 at Diyarbakir, Turkey. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were extracted from the reaction vials with hexane. The GC (gas chromatography) analysis was carried out by means of a Varian 3400 apparatus equipped with Supelcowax-10 fused silica capillary column. The results showed that vegetative growth period was the major and meteorological conditions and P doses were the minor factors controlling yield components; such that winter sowing resulted in maximum seed yield (1037 to 1534 kg ha-1), fatty oil content (30.2 to 37.9%) and essential oil content (0.31 to 0.56%). Major constituents of fatty oil were determined as linoleic, palmitic and oleic acid. The percentage of linoleic acid was determined between 43.34 and 51.50%.
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    Essential Oil Components, Microelement Contents and Antioxidant Effects of Nepeta italica L. and Achillea filipendulina LAM.
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Hasimi, Nesrin; Kizil, Sueleyman; Tolan, Veysel
    The genus Nepeta (Lamiaceae) and Achillea (Asteraceae) are widely distributed in Turkey. In this study, the essential oils of Nepeta italica L. and Achillea filipendulina LAM. collected from Dicle district in Diyarbakir province in the Southeast Anatolia and from Hakkari province in East Anatolia of Turkey, were obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts. The essential oils from Nepeta italica and Achillea filipendulina obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC Clarus 600-MS Clarus 600 C (Perkin Elmer) and microelements were analyzed by Perkin Elmer Optima 2100 DV ICP OEMS, and also antioxidant activity analyzed by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Achillea filipendulina and Nepeta italica essential oils showed similar antioxidant activity with inhibition of 55.3 % and 51.3 %, respectively, which are higher than BHT synthetic antioxidant with 23 % inhibition.
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    Essential oil composition of different originated summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.)
    (Gaurav Soc Agricultural Research Information Centre-Aric, 2009) Kizil, Sueleyman
    The study reports variation in the essential oil contents of savory plants collected from Diyarbakir and Kahramanmaras provinces of Turkey. Essential oil components of samples determined by GC showed that major components of Diyarbakyr origin summer savory were carvacrol (39.8%), thymol (26.1%), alpha-pinene (8.8%), myrcene (8.4%). Kahramanmaras origin summer savory had major components as carvacrol (58.5%), alpha-terpineol (29.1%), alpha-pinene (2.9%), camphene (2.9%) and myrcene (1.6%).
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    Full Blooming Stage is Suitable for Herbage Yield and Essential Oil Content of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.)
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2009) Kizil, Sueleyman; Turk, Murat; Ozguven, Mensure; Khawar, Khalid M.
    The study reports determination of appropriate-development stage, its effects on herbage yield and essential oil content compositions of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L). The essential oil of summer savory was isolated by steam distillation and analysed by GC-MS. The results indicated that the highest dry leaf yield, fresh and dry herbage yield were obtained at post and full blooming stage. However, the highest essential oil content of 2.6% was obtained at full blooming stage. Major essential oil components of summer savory were determined as thymol, gamma-terpinene, carvacrol and cymol in ratio of 47.9, 19.6, 14.7 and 9.7%, respectively. Thymol percentage increased at post harvest stage, in contrast to gamma-terpinene. The results suggest that to achieve maximum oil yield for profitable income harvest should be done at full blooming stage.
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    GENOTOXICITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF Thymbra spicata L. var spicata IN SALMONELLA/MICROSOME AND SOS CHROMOTEST
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2009) Tolan, Veysel; Kizil, Sueleyman; Ozdemir, Sadin; Demirci, Ozlem
    Essential oils are concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing, volatile aroma compounds from plants, which are called aromatic herbs or aromatic plants. Various essential oils and their monoterpenoid constituents have been widely used as fragrances in cosmetics, as flavouring food additives. and as scenting agents in a variety of household products. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mutagenic potential of essential oil of Thymbra spicata L. var spicata by Sahnonella/microsome assay TA98 and TA 100 tester strains, and also SOS chromotest with E.coli PQ37 strain, with and without addition of an S9 metabolic activation mixture. The essential oil of T spicata L. var spicata showed weakly mutagenic activity on both strains of Salmonella either without or with S9 mixture. No mutagenicity was found in the SOS chromotest either with or without S9 mixture. These results indicate a weak mutagenicity of the essential oil of Thymbra spicata in vitro.
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    Microelement contents and fatty acid compositions of Rhus coriaria L. and Pistacia terebinthus L. fruits spread commonly in the south eastern Anatolia region of Turkey
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2010) Kizil, Sueleyman; Turk, Murat
    Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) are two important spice plants of south eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Nutrients, physical properties including moisture, ash, dry matter, protein, fatty oil and essential oil content, along with Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn and characteristics of fruit sizes and fatty acid compositions of both plants were determined from ripe fruits. The free fatty acid content was determined in the fruit oil, and the main fatty acids of sumac and terebinth were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. They included oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids in a ratio of 37.7% and 34.8%, 27.4% and 17.3%, 21.1% and 21.7% and, 4.7% and 2.5%, respectively. The fruits of both plants were rich in oil, fatty acids and minerals, suggesting that they are valuable for using in food. The data may also be useful for the evaluation of nutritional information.
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    Microelement Contents and Fatty Acid Compositions of some Isatis Species Seeds
    (Univ Agr Sci & Veterinary Med Cluj-Napoca, 2009) Kizil, Sueleyman; Turk, Murat; Cakmak, Oezlem; Ozguven, Mensure; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    Isatis species are important biennial, herbaceous shrubs represented by 40 taxa, of which 24 are endemic to Turkey. The chemical compounds found in leaves and roots of all Isatis species have medicinal properties and arc used for treatment of a wide range of disorders. No study reports seed characteristics, microelement contents and fatty acid compositions of the seeds of any Isatis species except I. tinctoria. Therefore the study was carried out to find seed fatty oil, fatty acid compositions protein content, characteristics, and microelement contents of I. aucheri, I. cochlearis, I. constricta, I. demiriziana (endemic), I glauca and I. lusitanica. The results showed fatty oil and protein content of these species in range of 2 to 10% and 16.07 to 25.17%, respectively. Furthermore, these seeds were rich in microelements Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na and P. Major fatty oil components of these species were determined as erucic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid; such that erucic acid content of these species ranged 16.94 to 30.52%.
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    Some Agronomical Characteristics and Essential Oil Content of Oregano (Origanum onites L.) as Influenced by Planting Densities
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2009) Kizil, Sueleyman; Ipek, Arif; Arslan, Neset; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    Oregano (Origanum onites L.) a highly valued medicinal plant, is rich in essential oil. The objective of the experiment was to determine the relative importance of planting densities on yield components and essential oil components of O. onites under semi and rain fed conditions of South East Anatolian Turkey. Plant densities and environmental conditions affected growth components, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield variabilty. The results suggested variation among fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield and essential oil composition in O. onites during two years of experimentation. Totally-twenty-six components were identified in the oregano essential oil by GC-MS. Carvacrol (39.6 - 52.2 %) dominated all components identified in the essential oils. 45 x 20 cm plant density showed economical optimum herbage and oil yield on the non-calcareous and soils of Diyarbakir in the Southeastern Anatolian Turkey.