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    Histopathological evaluation of IBA-1, GFAP activity in the brain cortex of rats administered cadmium chloride
    (Pisa Univ Press, 2022) Gok, Ertugrul; Deveci, Engin
    Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the changes in brain tissue and blood-brain barrier due to oxidative stress during cadmium (Cd) poisoning by biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods.Methods: 170-190 g weighing eight-week-old female Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups (control and experimental), with 7 animals in each group. Experimental group rats were given 2 mg/kg/day powdered cadmium chloride dissolved in water intraperitoneally every day for two weeks. Biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination was performed.Results: It was seen that brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly, and glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity levels decreased. In addition to degeneration in some pyramidal cells and glial cells, deformity, and picnosis in the nucleus, dilation of the meninges and cortex vessels, and inflammation around the blood vessels were observed. An increase was found in ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) expression in microglia cells and degenerative endothelial cells, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was observed in astrocytes and degenerate neurons.Conclusions: It has been shown that cadmium toxicity may cause microgliosis and astrogliogenesis by inducing cytokine production due to cell degeneration, vascularity, and inflammation in the brain cortex and by affecting microglia, astrocytes cells.
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    Histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations in liver tissue after fungicide-mancozeb exposures in Wistar albino rats
    (Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 2022) Gok, Ertugrul; Deveci, Engin
    Purpose: To evaluate the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical effects of liver changes after mancozeb administration. Methods: Rats were divided into groups-the control group (n=7) and the mancozeb group (n=7)-, given 500 mg/kg mancozeb dissolved in corn oil daily for four weeks by an orogastric tube. Caspase-3 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) primary antibodies were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values of the mancozeb group increased significantly than ones of the control group. Venous dilatation, inflammation, hepatocyte degeneration, TNF-alpha, and caspase-3 expression scores increased significantly in the mancozeb group. In the mancozeb group, intensive caspase-3 expression was observed in hepatocyte cells around the central vein in the center of the liver lobule, and there was an increase in TNF-alpha expression in the inflammatory cells around the enlarged central vein and Kupffer cells and apoptotic hepatocyte cells. Conclusion: Subacute mancozeb exposure in rats leads to elevated toxicity with impaired liver function, increased inflammation in tissue and increased apoptosis due to cellular damage in the liver, and decreased liver regenerationability due to congestion and degeneration of blood vessels.
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    ICP-MS Determination of Lead Levels in Autopsy Liver Samples: An Application in Forensic Medicine
    (Atomic Spectroscopy Press Ltd, 2018) Arica, Enes; Yuksel, Bayram; Yener, Ismail; Dolak, Ibrahim; Gok, Ertugrul; Yilmaz, Eyup
    The objective of this study was to develop and validate a senstitive ICP-MS method with no gas mode for the determination of Pb levels in autospy liver samples collected from patients in Diyarbakir, Turkey. The microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure was optimized and applied to accurately weighed dry liver samples. The method showed linearity in the range of 0-100 mu g/kg with a detection and quantification limit of 0.72 mu g/kg and 2.18 mu g/kg, respectively. The calibration graph was characterized with excellent correlation coefficients (r=0.9997) for Pb determination. Certified reference material was used to validate the method in terms of accuracy, precision, and recovery. Good agreement was obtained between the certified values and the measured Pb concentrations. Percent recovery and precision for Pb was calculated at 99.5% and 4.29%, respectively. In the autopsy liver samples, the Pb levels ranged from 106.83 mu g/kg to 1932.08 mu g/kg and the mean Pb levels were found at 375.24 +/- 325.46 mu g/kg. As a result of the statistical analysis, the occupation, smoking habit, settlement, gender, and age appeared to have an effect on the Pb levels in the autopsy liver samples. The procedure described is relatively simple, precise, and applicable for routine toxicological Pb determination in human tissue.
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    Investigation of Various Events Occurring in the Brain Tissue After Calvarial Defects in Rats
    (Soc Chilena Anatomia, 2016) Tas, Mahmut; Gok, Ertugrul; Ekinci, Cenap; Deveci, Engin; Deveci, Senay
    Bone damage and accidents, traumas can alter people's normal life, and damage the soft tissues. In this study, we aimed to investigate in calvarial defects in rats depending on the severity of cerebral contusion injury occurring in the temporal region. The rats were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 (control group), critical size cranial model with no treatment (n=10); group 2 (14-day synthetic graft group given 7th day DEXA), critical size cranial model treated with Dexamethasone (0.05 mg/kg intramuscular injection) + Synthetic graft (n=10) One calvarium defect of 7 mm was made in the parietal bone of each animal under general anesthesia. Calvarial defect results in dilatation of blood vessels, hemorrhage and deterioration was observed in glial fibrillary structures. Additionally, the increase in vascular endothelial growth factor expression showed a positive reaction with glial fibrillary acid protein astrocytes extensions. Apoptotic glial cells stained positive with Bcl-2. Calvarial defects caused by mild brain injury, to be induced by inflammatory cytokines, interrupting glial fibrillary degeneration by affecting the blood brain barrier is thought to promote apoptotic changes.
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    Usability of dental pulp visibility and tooth coronal index in digital panoramic radiography in age estimation in the forensic medicine
    (Springer, 2020) Gok, Ertugrul; Fedakar, Recep; Kafa, Ilker Mustafa
    Age estimation has a great importance due to legal requirements. The aim of our study was to determine the applicability of two different methods in age estimation; one of them based on the calculation of the visibility of the root pulp of mandibular third molar teeth and the other based on the calculation of the tooth coronal index (TCI) in the mandibular first and second molar teeth in the 9059 digital orthopantomogram of people aged between 15 and 40 in Bursa. In the first method in which the visibility of the fully mineralized root pulp of the mandibular third molar teeth was evaluated in 4 stages; the stages 0, 1, 2, and 3 were observed regardless of sex at the earliest 17.2; 19.1; 20.1, and 25.1 years, respectively. In the second method in which TCI was regressed on chronological age using measuring crown and coronal pulp cavity heights, the most accurate age estimation model based on simple linear regression for all cases without any sex difference was found to be with right first molar tooth (SEE +/- 7304 years) and the most accurate age model based on multiple regression model was found to be with bilateral first molar teeth (SEE +/- 7413 years). In conclusion, we believe that the root pulp visibility of the third molar teeth can be applied safely for stages 1, 2, and 3 at 16, 17, and 21 years of ages, respectively. A correlation was also found between TCI and age, and our findings have shown that both methods are available for forensic purposes.