Yazar "Güzel, Fuat" seçeneğine göre listele
Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 22
Sayfa Başına Sonuç
Sıralama seçenekleri
Öğe Adsorption of some heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by activated carbon and comparison of percent adsorption results of activated carbon with those of some other adsorbents(2000) Güzel, Fuat; Uzun, İlhanIn this study, removal of some heavy metals ions $(Mn^{2+}, Fe^{2+}, Ni^{2+} and Cu^{2+})$ from aqueous solution by adsorption was investigated. For this purpose, high-grade MnSO4.H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, NiSO4.7H2O and CuSO4.5H2O were used as heavy metal samples. The commercial activated carbon (Merck 2514), chitosan and agar were used as adsorbents. The pH of each solution was not controlled. This is because the net interaction between the adsorbent and the heavy metal could be disturbed by the buffer solution. Therefore, all experiments were carried out in a pH range from 5.3 to 5.5. The equilibrium adsorption contact times were determined for M - 2514. The adsorption rate constants were determined from obtained kinetics curves suitable for first degree of rate kinetics. Adsorption isotherms of heavy metals on M - 2514 from aqueous solution were determined. These adsorption isotherms were seen to be consistent with Freundlich's adsorption isotherm. k and n constants were determined from Freundlich's linear equation. In addition, M - 2514, chitosan and agar were compared according to their percent uptake yields of the heavy metals.Öğe Adsorptive performance of new Mn-Fe@activated carbon magnetic nanohybrid material synthesized from black cumin (Nigella sativa) industrial processing wastes for lead removal(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Teymur, Yekbun Avşar; Güzel, Fuat; Koyuncu, FilizIn this study, the adsorptive property of a novel manganese ferrite-activated carbon magnetic nanohybrid (Mn-Fe@BAC) material synthesized by coating with manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles of activated carbon (BAC) produced under optimized carbonization conditions with potassium carbonate activation method from industrially processed black cumin (Nigella sativa) waste was used as an adsorbent in remediation of artificially contaminated water with lead (II) ions (Pb2+). Experiments were performed to examine the systematic effects of process parameters such as synthesized material amount, initial Pb2+ ion concentration, interaction time, and system temperature on the investigated adsorption system at the pH (5.06) of Pb2+ in an aqueous solution. Experimental kinetic and equilibrium isotherm data were analyzed in commonly used models and were well-fitted by pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. The kinetic sorption mechanism was found to occur in multiple steps. The maximum Pb2+ adsorbing ability of the Mn-Fe@BAC was 294 mg/g at 20 °C. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the process was spontaneous and exothermic. In addition, it showed reuse stability up to four adsorption–desorption cycles for Pb2+ ions. In conclusion, this study highlights that it is an ultra-effective adsorbent that can be easily separated magnetically in the remediation of water contaminated with Pb2+ ions.Öğe Conversion of citrus industrial processing solid residues to well-developed mesoporous powder-activated carbon and its some water pollutant removal performance(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Güzel, Fuat; Koyuncu, FilizThe aim of the present study is to produce and characterize the activated carbon (AC) material from citrus industrial processing solid residues (CR) under optimized conditions depending on process variables such as chemical impregnation ratio (H3PO4/CR, w/w), carbonization/activation temperature, and time with the phosphoric acid activation and to examine its performance in removing some impurities from water. The optimal AC, which has the surface area of 1090 m(2)/g, the total pore volume of 1.569 cm(3)/g, mesopore contribution of 96.30%, and average pore diameter of 4.93 nm, was produced under these following conditions: 3:1 impregnation ratio (W-H3PO4/W-CR), 500celcius activation temperature, and 1 h activation time. It was characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, the adsorptive behavior in water was tested by using Reactive blue 19 (RB19) dye, Diclofenac (DCF) drug, and Pb(II) ions selected as the model adsorbates. Its maximum removal capacity was determined as 370 mg/g for RB19, 181 mg/g for DCF, and 111 mg/g for Pb(II) at 30celcius. This study showed that CR can be used as an effective feedstock in AC production to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from water.Öğe Decolorisation of aqueous crystal violet solution by a new nanoporous carbon: Equilibrium and kinetic approach(ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA, 2014) Güzel, Fuat; Saygılı, Hasan; Akkaya Saygılı, Gülbahar; Koyuncu, FilizA new nanoporous carbon from tomato paste waste (TWNC) was prepared. The surface area, total pore volume, average pore diameter of TWNC was found as 722.17 m(2) g(-1), 0.476 cm(3) g(-1) and 2.644 nm, respectively. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, ionic strength, contact time, and temperature were studied. Adsorption kinetics was found to behest represented by the pseudo second order model. Isotherm data were fitted well to the both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Maximum adsorption capacity was found as 68.97 mg g(-1) at 50 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. (C) 2013 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of the micropore structures of activated carbons by adsorption of various dyestuffs from aqueous solution(2002) Güzel, Fuat; Uzun, İlhanIn this study, some activated carbons prepared from sour cherry pits under various conditions were investigated. For comparison purposes, the commercial activated carbons Merck-2514 and Merck-2184 were used. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K were used as reference for comparison, while p-nitrophenol, methylene blue, orange-II and victoria blue adsorptions were determined from aqueous solution at 298 K. It was clear from the specific surface area values obtained that the best activated carbon was obtained by activation for 4 hours following the chemical activation. Its adsorption properties are closer to the levels of the Merck commercial carbons. It was concluded that the characterization of microporous structure, and the testing of the removal of organic impurities from aqueous solution for active carbons having high adsorption ability from the gas phase, can generally be carried out by adsorption of organic solutes whose molecular sizes are smaller than the micropore size (1.5 nm) of the adsorbent.Öğe External mass transfer studies during the adsorptions of some dyestuffs and p- nitrophenol onto chitosan from aqueous solution(2004) Uzun, İlhan; Güzel, FuatThe effect of temperature on the adsorptions of some dyestuffs [orange II (O-II), crystal violet (CV) and reactive blue 5 (RB5)] and an ideal adsorbate p-nitrophenol (PNP) by chitosan (Sigma C 3646) from aqueous solution was investigated. The experimental data related to adsorption isotherms were applied to linear forms of the equations that they fitted, and isotherm constants were calculated. Since the isotherm curves obtained for the adsorptions of O-II and CV by chitosan fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the Langmuir constants ($q_m$ and b) related to the adsorption isotherms of these dyestuffs together with their kinetical data at different temperatures were applied to the equation of McKay et al., and external mass transfer coefficients $(k_f)_1$ at these temperatures were calculated. In addition, kinetic data obtained for each dyestuff and PNP at different temperatures were applied to a further equation developed by Weber-Mathews, and $(k_f)_2$ constants at these temperatures were calculated.Öğe Fındık ve badem kabuklarından çeşitli hazırlama koşullarında aktif karbon üretimi ve bunların adsorpsiyon karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi(2018) Güzel, Fuat; Tez, Zeki[Özet Yok]Öğe High surface area and supermicroporous activated carbon from capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) industrial processing pulp via single-step KOH-catalyzed pyrolysis: Production optimization, characterization and its some water pollutants removal and supercapacitor performance(Elsevier Science SA., 2022) Koyuncu, Filiz; Güzel, Fuat; İnal, Işıl GürtenIn this study, we aimed to convert capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) industrial processing pulp (CP) into low-cost and high-quality activated carbon (AC) under optimal production conditions through single-step KOH-catalyzed pyrolysis. Optimal production conditions were determined by investigating the effects on some textural characteristics of the produced ACs by changing the process variables such as mixing ratio (KOH/CP, w/w), pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis duration, respectively. The AC (CPAC) with the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) highest surface area (1564 m(2)/g), pore-volume (0.623 cm(3)/g), and average pore size (1.8 nm) was produced under conditions with a mixing ratio of 1.5, a pyrolysis temperature of 700 degrees C, and a duration of 1 h. It was characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. In addition, the adsorption ability was determined by examining the removal performance of water pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and methanol yellow (MY) dyes, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide (2,4-D), diclofenac sodium drug (DCF), copper(II) ion (Cu(II)), and nitrate (NO3-), which were chosen because they are frequently detected in industrial wastewater, and found to be 294.1, 370.4, 384.6, 294.1, 212.8 and 59.5 mg/g, respectively. The supercapacitor performance of the electrodes developed from CPAC was tested as the coin size cell. The gravimetric capacitances of the electrodes were calculated as 198 F/g at the current densities of 0.5 A/g. The results of this study reveal that CPAC can be used as an alternative to commercial carbon as a clean and ecologically compatible low-cost (similar to$1.75 per kg) adsorbent that can improve water quality, and promising electrode material for low-cost and high-performance carbon-based supercapacitors.Öğe High surface area mesoporous carbon from black cumin (Nigella sativa) processing industry solid residues via single-stage K2CO3 assisted carbonization method: Production optimization, characterization and its some water pollutants removal and supercapacitor performance(Elsevier Ltd., 2023) Teymur, Yekbun Avşar; Güzel, Fuat; İnal, İ. Işıl GürtenIn this study, solid residues (BR) from the black cumin (Nigella sativa) processing industry, an abundant and sustainable raw material, were converted into high surface area mesoporous activated carbon (AC) under optimum production conditions using a single-stage K2CO3 assisted carbonization method. The optimal AC (BRAC) which had the highest BET surface area (2211 m2/g), total pore volume (1.262 cm3/g), and mean pore diameter (2.8 nm) was achieved in the conditions of a K2CO3 impregnation ratio of 1:1, a carbonization temperature of 900 °C, and a carbonization period of 1 h. To test its adsorption performance from the aqueous phase, methylene blue dye, oxytetracycline antibiotic, and lead metal ions were selected as model water pollutants and found to be 714.3, 833.3, and 500.0 mg/g, respectively, at 25 °C Also, the electrode made of BRAC showed electrochemical capacitor performance with a high gravimetric capacitance (210 F/g) and cyclic stability (95 %).Öğe Investigating the surface properties of red pepper industrial waste-based activated carbons for use as reversible supercapacitor electrodes(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) İnal, İ. Işıl Gürten; Koyuncu, Filiz; Güzel, FuatThis study presents the development of green and sustainable supercapacitor electrodes using activated carbons derived from industrial waste from red pepper (RPW) via conventional chemical activation using ZnCl2 at various carbonization/activation temperatures. The activated carbon samples were subjected to various analytical techniques, including elemental analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption, Raman, FT-IR, and SEM-EDS. The resulting carbon samples were then used to prepare standard coin-sized supercapacitor cells, which were tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques with a 6 M KOH electrolyte. The BET surface area and surface functionality of the samples decreased as the temperature increased. The material produced at the highest temperature (AC800) exhibited the lowest gravimetric capacitance value (131 F/g). However, it demonstrated perfectly reversible electrochemical behavior with the highest capacitance retention of 50 % (between 0.5 A/g and 10 A/g) and cyclic stability (>96 %) over 10,000 cycles among all the other materials. Conversely, the electrode material produced at the lowest temperature (AC600) had the highest gravimetric capacitance value of 175 F/g but the lowest electrochemical stability due to the contribution of pseudo faradaic processes in the storage mechanism.Öğe Investigation of adsorption isotherms used for wool dyeing by aqueous extraction of cehri fruit (Fructus Rhamni Petiolari) and dyeing of wool and silk accompanied by various mordants(1996) Tez, Zeki; Güzel, Fuat; Aydın, A. HalukIn this study, adsorption isotherms were obtained by processing wool with dyestuff solutions of different concentrations extracted from cehri fruit with water. These isotherms follow the Nernst equation; the Nernst constant was determined and interpreted. In addition, wool and silk fibres were dyed with the same dyestuff solution and various mordants. Colours having a high fastness which could be used on an industrial scale were produced.Öğe Katalizör olarak kullanılabilecek heteropoli asit tuzlarının hazırlanması(1993) Yurdakoç, M. Kadir; Güzel, Fuat; Tez, Zeki; Gümgüm, Bahattin; Akba, OsmanHPA'lann heterojen ve homojen katalizör olarak kullanılmaları çeşitli organik bileşiklerin sentezlenmesi açısından yeni bir çığır açmıştır. 1982 yılında HPA'nın katalizörlüğünde metakrolein'den metakrilik asit eldesinin endüstriyel ölçekte gerçekleştirilmesiyle başlayan bu tür uygulamalar, başta Japonya ve Rusya olmak üzere gelişmiş ülkelerde bu konudaki araştırmaları hızlandırmıştır. Bu proje çalışmasında, hazırlanan çeşitli türde heteropoli asit ve tuzlarının TGA incelemeleri yoluyla formülasyon doğrulama ve yapısal kararlılık belirlemeleri yapılmış; BET-tek nokta N2 gazı adsorpsiyonu yoluyla özgül yüzey alanları belirlenmiş; SEM fotoğrafları yoluyla amorf ya da kristal durumları görüntülenmeye çalışılmış; uygun indikatör çözeltileri yanında n-bütil amin titrasyonu yöntemiyle bu katıların asitlik şiddetleri belirlenmiş ve XRD, EDX ve FTIR incelemelerinden de elde edilen katılardaki karakteristik elementlerin ağırlık otanları ve safsızlık durumları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın uzantısında ise dehidratasyon, dehidrojehasyon ve oksidasyon reaksiyonlarına birer örnek teşkil edecek şekilde uygun heterojen ve homojen model test reaksiyonları eşliğinde, elde edilen HPA ve tuzlarının katalitik özellikleri ve reaksiyon kinetiksel parametreleri belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır.Öğe Microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization, and oxytetracycline antibiotic sorption performance of a novel magnetic nanohybrid material: MnFe2O4@black cumin solid waste-derived activated carbon(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Teymur, Yekbun Avşar; Güzel, FuatUsing waste resources to synthesize functional materials without polluting the environment is important for sustainable life and development. In the present study, a novel magnetically separable activated carbon nanohybrid (MnFe2O4@BAC) was produced by using the microwave-assisted chemical co-precipitation method of industrially processed black cumin solid waste-derived activated carbon (BAC) and manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MnFe2O4). It was characterized by VSM, XRD, Raman, BET, SEM-EDX, FTIR, Boehm titration, and pHPZC analysis techniques. Spinel MnFe2O4 nanoparticles significantly affected the pore properties of BAC. MnFe2O4@BAC exhibited a saturation magnetization property of 14.6 emu/g. Also, the optimal sorption conditions of oxytetracycline (OTC), which was chosen as a model to test the antibiotic sorption ability from water, were decided according to the optimum influences of operational variables. The kinetic and isotherm results best described the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. The maximum OTC sorption ability of MnFe2O4@BAC was determined as 591.7 mg/g under specified optimal sorption conditions. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to show that the sorption is spontaneous volitional and endothermic. The spent MnFe2O4@BAC was accumulated after sorption using an external magnetic field for subsequent reuse and showed excellent reusability stability. © 2024 Elsevier LtdÖğe On the performance of wild plant-derived biochar@MnFe2O4 composite in remediation of synthetic aqueous copper solution(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Güzel, Fuat; Yılmaz, CumaliIn the current study, the performance of a new magnetic nanocomposite (MnFe@WPC) containing manganese ferrite of biochar (WPC) prepared wild plants (WP) for remediating of wastewater simulated with copper (II) ions was examined in detail with physicochemical parameters. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data conformed to pseudo-second order and Langmuir models, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters calculated for the MnFe@WPC-Cu(II) adsorption system revealed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Desorption cycle experiments show that MnFe@WPC exhibits excellent adsorption/desorption performance and can be reused. The results showed that MnFe@WPC, which can be easily separated magnetically and used repeatedly, without leaving a second impurity in the environment, is an effective adsorbent in removing Cu(II) ions from water.Öğe Performance of wild plants-derived biochar in the remediation of water contaminated with lead: sorption optimization, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics and reusability studies(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Yılmaz, Cumali; Güzel, FuatThis study aims to investigate the sorptive performance of Pb(II) from water of a novel biochar (WPC) produced by fast pyrolysis under anoxic conditions of wild plants (WP). The maximum Pb(II) sorption capacity of WPC is 50.25 mg/g under determined optimum conditions, which are solution pH 5.0, WPC dose 50 mg, contact time 180 min and solution temperature 50 degrees C. The sorption kinetics and isotherm data were observed to fit well with the Ho-McKay and Langmuir models, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters (Delta G(o), Delta H-o and Delta S-o) calculated for the WPC-Pb(II) sorption system showed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. The Pb(II) desorption and regeneration studies of WPC with different desorbent agents was also performed. The findings in this study showed that WP can be used as an abundant precursor in the production of very low cost and eco-friendly biochar, and also that its biochar can be used as an environmentally-friendly sorbent in wastewater treatment. Novelty statement With increasing population and developing industry in the world, agriculture and industrial wastes are increasing. These wastes create environmental and water pollution and adversely affect the health of living things. Efforts to eliminate these negativities have a negative impact on the world economy. For this purpose, various improvement methods are applied. However, the adsorption method is widely used due to its ease of application, efficiency and economic. In order to make this method more economical, many researchers have carried out researches on the preparation of low-cost adsorbents, especially from vegetable wastes. The novelty of this study is the first reporting to use wild plants as a sustainable precursor to produce a low-cost biochar using the traditional pyrolysis method and to examine its adsorption performance for Pb(II) ion removal from water. I believe that if this study is published, it will create a paradigm in environmental improvement studies on wild plants evaluation.Öğe Physical and chemical characterization of femur during and after body development period in male and female rats(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2023) Yılmaz, Sadık; Baygeldi, Saime Betül; Kanmaz, Yeşim Aslan; Güzel, Barış Can; Yılmaz, Yücehan; Karan, Meryem; Güzel, FuatThe aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the bone structures during four developmental periods. Forty Wistar Albino rats (20 male and 20 female) were divided into four groups including prepubertal period (group I), period between adolescence and adulthood (group II) and later (young adult period as group III and old adult period as group IV). The bones were analysed by morphometric measurements, XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis for mineral levels and BET analysis (Brunaurer–Emmett–Teller) for surface area and porosity. In morphometric measurements, the GL (greatest length) and the GLC (greatest length from caput femoris) values increased gradually from the first to the fourth group, and these values were higher in the males than the females. Phosphorus and calcium values were higher in the males in adult groups (third and fourth) compared to that for the females; however, they were higher in the females in groups up to adulthood (first and second). While the Ca/P ratio reached the highest value in the second group in the male, it decreased gradually afterwards. In females, the rate, which was close to each other in the first three groups, increased in the fourth group. Surface area size in the female and the male rats was the highest in the second group. In conclusion, changes in the rat bone structure during the development and adulthood periods of the body were revealed, and it was determined that the gender factor was effective in these changes.Öğe Physical and chemical characterization of the femur during and after the body development period in male and female guinea pigs(2023) Yılmaz, Yücehan; Kanmaz, Yeşim Aslan; Baygeldi, Saime Betül; Güzel, Barış Can; Karan, Meryem; Güzel, Fuat; Yılmaz, SadıkIn this study, it was aimed to reveal the physical and chemical characterization of thebone structures during body development periods (prepubertal period, periodbetween adolescence and adulthood) and after (young adult period and old adultperiod) in male and female guinea pigs. In this study, 40 guinea pigs (20 male,20 female) were used. Morphometric measurements, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analy-sis for mineral levels, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis for surface area, andporosity analysis were applied to the bones. The male guinea pigs had greater valuesthan females in the other three categories, with the exception of the second group,when the females have higher values in morphometric measurements. Ca levels roseup to the third group, as did P levels in the males, peaking in the third group anddeclining in the fourth. As with phosphorus, there was a progressive rise in femalesfrom the first to the fourth group. Fe, Zn, and Sr elements had the greatest values inboth genders in the first group. In all four groups, the females had greater Zn levelsthan males. The highest Ca/P ratio was found in the third male group and the fourthfemale group. This study revealed that adolescence, adulthood, and gender are effec-tive in the physical and chemical characterization of bone structure in guinea pigs.Öğe Synthesis, characterization, and lead (II) sorption performance of a new magnetic separable composite: MnFe2O4@wild plants-derived biochar(Elsevier SCI LTD., 2021) Güzel, Fuat; Yılmaz, CumaliIn present study, the magnetic separable biochar nacomposite (MWPC) was synthesized by using the facile chemical coprecipitation method of wild plants-derived biochar (WPC) and manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MnFe2O4). Its crystal structure, surface morphology and elemental composition, textural structure, surface chemistry and magnetic performance were illuminated. The magnetic nanoparticles of spinel manganese ferrite were observed to significantly affect the surface area and pore structure of the WPC. Its saturation magnetization value was measured as 19.7 emu/g. In addition, the optimum sorption conditions of the lead selected as a model for testing metal sorption performance from water were determined by considering the effects of important process parameters such as solution pH, metal concentration, interaction time and temperature. The kinetic and isotherm sorption data were found to be well compatible with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models, respectively. It was observed that the maximum Pb(II) sorption capacity of MWPC was approximately 2.6 times higher than that of WPC. Thermodynamic parameters such as Delta G degrees, Delta H degrees,Delta S degrees calculated to explain the nature of the interaction during the sorption showed that the process is endothermic and spontaneous. The findings show that MWPC has a high surface area and a wide porous sorbent that is effective in lead removal and can be magnetically separated without leaving a second pollution to the environment.Öğe Ultra-efficient removal of methylene blue, oxytetracycline, and lead(II) by activated carbon derived from black cumin (Nigella sativa) processing solid waste(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Teymur, Yekbun Avşar; Güzel, FuatAccumulating dyes, drugs, and heavy metals in water creates a lasting environmental problem that affects living things in different ecosystems. Their removal is imperative for environmental necessity in a habitable world. Adsorption with carbonaceous materials produced especially for the evaluation of agricultural wastes is a lowcost and effective removal technique. This study is related to the investigation of the adsorbing performance of a new activated carbon (BAC) synthesized from black cumin (Nigella sativa) processing solid waste (BW) under optimal conditions determined by single-step carbonization/activation with potassium carbonate to remove methylene blue, oxytetracycline, and lead (II) in an aqueous medium. Their optimum adsorption conditions were decided based on the maximum effects of important operational parameters. Experimental kinetic and isotherm findings for each adsorption system were modeled by evaluating widely used kinetic and isotherm equations. The maximum adsorption capacity of BAC was determined as 752 mg/g for methylene blue, 911 for oxytetracycline, and 556 mg/g for lead (II) from the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters determined showed that the adsorption processes were self-occurring and also endothermic for methylene blue and oxytetracycline and exothermic for lead(II). In addition, BAC showed stability and recyclability in adsorptiondesorption cycles for the pollutants studied. These findings suggest that BAC can be used as an ultra-efficient adsorbent for larger-scale wastewater treatment.
