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Öğe Anti-aging potential and anti-tyrosinase activity of three Hypericum species with focus on phytochemical composition by LC-MS/MS(Elsevier, 2019) Ersoy, Ezgi; Ozkan, Esra Eroglu; Boga, Mehmet; Yilmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Mat, AfifeHypericum species are one of the most commonly used medicinal plants all over the world and traditional uses of the Hypericum species are mainly characterized by external applications for the treatment of dermatological disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical compounds with anti-aging and anti-tyrosinase activities of Hypericum perforatum L., H. calycinum L., and H. confertum Choisy from Turkey and to bring innovation for further studies on developing formulations with Hypericum species for topical applications. In this study, chemical compositions of methanol extracts prepared from flowering aerial parts of the following species collected from Uludag, H. calycinum, H. confertum, and H. perforatum were investigated by LC-MS/MS. Nine metabolites, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, malic acid, protocatechuic acid, rutin, quercitrin, and isoquercitrin were identified in all analyzed species. To investigate the anti-aging and skin-whitening properties, enzyme inhibition activity of the three species were tested against, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase enzymes. H. calycinum appeared the most active in all enzyme inhibition activity assays which is mainly due to its rich phenolic content. The methanol extract of H. calycinum showed the highest collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 51.24 +/- 1.33 mu g/mL, 55.77 +/- 1.32 mu g/mL and 22.17 +/- 0.02 mu g/mL, respectively. Additionally, H. calycinum emerged as the most potential tyrosinase inhibitor among these species with 54.30 +/- 0.49% at 200 mu g/mL concentration. The most abundant compounds determined in H. calycinum methanol extract are, chlorogenic acid (2595.15 +/- 0.179 mu g/g), quercitrin (1805.9 +/- 0.98 mu g/g), quinic acid (885.50 +/- 0.073 mu g/g) and isoquercitrin (346.16 +/- 0.046 mu g/g), respectively. Our study demonstrates that all three extracts, especially H. calycinum extract are potential agents to use in cosmeceuticals for anti-aging and skin-whitening purposes.Öğe Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Hypericum androsaemum on prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines with identification of secondary metabolites by LC-HRMS(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-TUBITAK, 2021) Bektaş, Nurdan Yazıcı; Ersoy, Ezgi; Boğa, Mehmet; Boran, Tuğçe; Çınar, Ercan; Özhan, Gül; Gören, Ahmet Ceyhan; Özkan, Esra EroğluThe study aims to determine the secondary metabolites of Hypericum androsaemum L. extracts by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the plant. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT assay, and apoptosis induction abilities on human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines. Accordingly, major secondary metabolites were found as hederagenin (762 +/- 70.10 mu g/g) in the leaves dichloromethane (LD), herniarin (167 +/- 1.50 mu g/g) in fruit dichloromethane (FD), (-)-epicatechin (6538 +/- 235.36 mu g/g) in the leaves methanol (LM), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (758 +/- 20.46 mu g/g) in the fruit methanol (FM), and caffeic acid (370 +/- 8.88 mu g/g) in the fruit water (FW), and (3313 +/- 79.51 mu g/g) in the leaves water (LW) extracts. LM exerted strong antioxidant activity in DPPH free (IC50 10.94 +/- 0.08 mu g/mL), and ABTS cation radicals scavenging (IC50 9.09 +/- 0.05 mu g/mL) activities. FM exhibited cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 73.23 +/- 3.06 mu g/mL and 31.64 +/- 2.75 mu g/mL on PC-3 and Hep G2 cell lines, respectively. Being the richest extract in terms of quillaic acid (630 +/- 18.9 mu g/g), which is a well-known cytotoxic triterpenoid with proven apoptosis induction ability on different cells, FM extract showed apoptosis induction activity with 64.75% on PC-3 cells at 50 mu g/mL concentration. The study provides promising results about the potential of Hypericum androsaemum on cancer prevention.Öğe Evaluation of in vitro biological activities of three Hypericum species ( H. calycinum, H. confertum , and H. perforatum ) from Turkey(Elsevier, 2020) Ersoy, Ezgi; Ozkan, Esra Eroglu; Boga, Mehmet; Mat, Afife[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Evaluation of the medicinal potential of a traditionally important plant from Turkey: Cerinthe minor L.(Istanbul University Press, 2022) Ersoy, Ezgi; Karahan, Selim; Boğa, Mehmet; Çınar, Ercan; İzgi, Sevcan; Kara, Emel MataracıBackground and Aims: Cerinthe minor L. has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes in Turkey. Since the plant has remained uninvestigated pharmacognostically, this study aims to provide data on the phytochemical profile and in vitro biological activities of the ethanol extract prepared from the aerial and root parts of Cerinthe minor L. Methods: The phytochemical profile of the extract was determined by LC-MS/MS. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Cerinthe minor ethanol extract were determined as pyrocatechol, and quercetin equivalents, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the extract was investigated by DPPH, and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity, and CUPRAC activity assays. Enzyme inhibitory activity assays were used to investigate anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities. Cytotoxic potential of the plant was clarified by using the XTT method, and antimicrobial activity of the extract was established by the microbroth dilution technique. Results: According to the LC-MS/MS results, 11 different constituents were present in the extract, and the major com-pounds were, malic acid (5392.18 +/- 60.93 mu g/g extract), fumaric acid (4730.99 +/- 58.66 mu g/g extract), and rosmarinic acid (2470.07 +/- 176.12 mu g/g extract). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found as 10.39 +/- 0.73 mu g PEs/mg extract, and 0.75 +/- 0.07 mu g QEs/mg extract, respectively. The extract demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, whereas no enzyme inhibitory activity was exerted against the tested enzymes. No cytotoxic activity was observed on human renal (A498, UO-31) or human colon (COLO205, KM12) cancer cell lines. The extract was shown to possess low-moderate antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis with a MIC value of 78.12 mu g/mL. Conclusion: Having several pharmacologically valuable compounds, and not causing any toxicity on studied cell lines, Cerin-the minor is a plant that requires attention with its medicinal potentialÖğe Identification and quantification of phenolic and volatile constituents in five different Anatolian thyme species using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, with biological activities(Elsevier, 2021) Boga, Mehmet; Ozkan, Esra Eroglu; Ersoy, Ezgi; Tuncay, Eyyup; Canturk, Yeter Yesil; Cinar, Ercan; Kara, Emel MataraciBeing widely used in the food industry, thyme is one of the most valuable plants in many aspects, and Turkey is one of the hotspots for thyme industry. Five thyme species, Thymus convolutus (endemic), Thymus fallax, Thymus haussknechtii Velen (endemic), Thymus kotschyanus var. kotschyanus, and Thymus sipyleus from Turkey were subjected in this study. Their essential oils and the extracts of aerial and root parts were obtained. GC-MS analyses showed that camphor was the major compound in T. convolutus (12.7%), and in T. sipyleus (13.1%) essential oils. The major volatile compound of T. fallax was bicyclogermacrene (21.5%), whereas the T. kotschyanus var. kotschyanus essential oil showed a predominance of carvacrol (48.5%), and thymol (22.5%). Carvacrol was also the major compound of T. haussknechtii with 28.2%. LC-MS/MS analyses showed that nicotiflorin (293.28-4201.15 mu g/mL), caffeic (516.41-851.28 mu g/mL), quinic (344.37-4410.94 mu g/mL), rosmarinic (1800.18-9631.71 mu g/mL), and fumaric acid (350.88-682.10 mu g/mL) were detected as the main compounds in the extracts. All extracts exerted strong antioxidant activity, and the highest radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by T. haussknechtii root extract. T. convolutus and T. haussknechtii aerial parts extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis at MIC of 19.53 mu g/mL. The extracts were found to be nontoxic against COLO205 and KM12 human colon, and UO-31, and A498 human renal cell lines. Their enzyme inhibitory activities were also evaluated against cholinesterase, tyrosinase and urease enzymes and T. fallax aerial part extract was the most effective with 34.48 +/- 0.60% in antibutyrylcholinesterase activity. These species with strong antioxidant and antifungal properties and no toxicity could be beneficial to be used as preservatives in the food processing industry.Öğe Investigating the Pharmacological Potential of Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen.: Phenolic Profiling and Biological Activity Assessments(ABADER (Adıyaman Bilimsel Arastırmalar Dernegi), 2024) Ersoy, Ezgi; Batal Yildizhan, Rumeysa; Yilmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Yeşil Cantürk, Yeter; Şahin, Hasan; Eroğlu Özkan, Esra; Boğa, MehmetMicromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen. is a valuable medicinal plant in Türkiye, recognized for its extensive applications across the country. In this study, plant samples were collected from Muğla, Türkiye and extracts from both the aerial parts and roots were prepared using ethanol. To elucidate their phytochemical composition, a comprehensive LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted. The results revealed that both extracts were quite rich in phenolic compounds. Notably, nicotiflorin was the major constituent in both extracts (12878.31±355.44 μg/g extract in the aerial parts and 47512.4±1311.34 μg/g extract in the roots) along with significant phenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid as well as flavonoids like hesperidin. Moreover, both extracts demonstrated substantial antioxidant activities compared to the synthetic antioxidant compounds as evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, and CUPRAC activity assays. Both aerial parts and root extracts also exhibited meaningful anti-glucosidase activity with 73.03±0.16% and 47.06±0.41%, respectively, at 2 mg/mL concentration. The root extract also showed moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge with valuable insights regarding the phytochemical profile and biological activities of M. myrtifolia, paving the way for future research aimed at exploring its medicinal properties and potential uses in traditional and modern medicine. © 2024, ABADER (Adıyaman Bilimsel Arastırmalar Dernegi). All rights reserved.Öğe LC-HRMS Profiling of Phytochemicals with Assessment of Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antimicrobial Potentials of Astragalus Brachystachys DC(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Ersoy, Ezgi; Boga, Mehmet; Kaplan, Alevcan; Kara, Emel Mataraci; Ozkan, Esra Eroglu; Kayiran, Serpil DemirciAstragalus species are ubiquitous in the pharmacopeia of numerous countries, signifying their widespread medicinal applications. T & uuml;rkiye is esteemed as one of the principal epicenters of diversity for this genus with 483 taxa, and many of these plants have been traditionally utilized for diseases including coughing, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and aches. Although there is a considerable body of chemical and biological research available on several Astragalus species, studies focusing on Astragalus brachystachys DC are exceedingly rare. In this context, This study provides the first comprehensive report on this medicinal plant the chemical constituents and biological activities of an important medicinal plant, Astragalus brachystachys DC. The aerial part samples were collected from Adana, T & uuml;rkiye, and an ethanol extract was prepared with these parts. The secondary metabolites of the extract were determined by an LC-HRMS analysis. The LC-HRMS analysis showed the presence of 39 different constituents, hyperoside (303.419 +/- 10.50 mu g/g extract), p-coumaric acid (256.975 +/- 8.51 mu g/g extract), and rutin (72.684 +/- 2.23 mu g/g extract) were determined as major compounds in the aerial parts ethanol extract. Attributed to its high total phenolic (58.53 +/- 1.30 mu g PEs/mg extract) and total flavonoid content (29.98 +/- 0.83 mu g QEs/mg extract), the extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity according to three different assays namely DPPH free (IC50: 33.08 +/- 0.61 mu g/mL), and ABTS cation radical scavenging (IC50: 15.39 +/- 0.72 mu g/mL) and CUPRAC activity (A0.5: 36.25 +/- 0.28 mu g/mL) methods. In vitro assays showed that cholinesterase inhibitory activity results were found to be exceptional with 85.95 +/- 0.52 % inhibition on acetylcholinesterase and 66.32 +/- 1.33 % inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase at 200 mu g/mL. Regarding antimicrobial properties, Astragalus brachystachys DC extract was found to be effective against Enterococcus faecalis with a MIC value of 39.06 mu g/mL.Öğe Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen. Bitkisinin Farmakolojik Potansiyelinin Araştırılması: Fenolik İçeriğinin ve Biyolojik Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi(ABADER (Adıyaman Bilimsel Araştırmalar Derneği), 2024) Ersoy, Ezgi; Yıldızhan, Rümeysa Batal; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Yeşil, Yeter; Şahin, Hasan; Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Boğa, MehmetMicromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen., Türkiye'nin önemli tıbbi bitkilerindendir ve ülke genelinde farklı tıbbi amaçlarla oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, M. myrtifolia örnekleri Muğla, Türkiye'den toplanmış hem topraküstü kısımlarından hem de köklerden ayrı ayrı etanol ekstreleri hazırlanmıştır. Ekstrelerin fitokimyasal içeriklerini belirlemek için detaylı bir LC-MS/MS analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre her iki ekstrenin de fenolik bileşikler açısından oldukça zengin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Her iki ekstrede de ana bileşen olarak nikotiflorin öne çıkmış ve topraküstü kısımlarından hazırlanan ekstrede 12878.31±355.44 µg/g, kök ekstresinde ise 47512.4±1311.34 µg/g nikotiflorin tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca ekstrelerde rozmarinik asit ve kafeik asit gibi önemli fenolik asitler ile hesperidin gibi flavonoitlerin varlığı da belirlenmiştir. Ekstrelerin antioksidan aktiviteleri DPPH serbest radikal giderici, ABTS katyon radikali giderici ve CUPRAC aktivitesi metotları ile değerlendirilmiş, buna göre her iki ekstre de sentetik antioksidan bileşiklere kıyasla anlamlı antioksidan aktiviteler sergilemiştir. Bunun yanı sıra ekstreler enzim inhibisyon aktiviteleri açısından değerlendirildiğinde, ekstrelerin 2 mg/mL konsantrasyonda %73.03±0.16 (topraküstü) ve %47.06±0.41 (kök) oranında anti-glukozidaz aktivite gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Kök ekstresi ayrıca orta düzeyde butirilkolinesteraz inhibe edici aktivite de göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, M. myrtifolia bitkisinin kimyasal içeriği ve biyolojik aktiviteleri konusunda mevcut literatüre önemli katkılarda bulunmakla birlikte, bitkinin geleneksel ve modern tıp uygulamalarındaki yeni ve potansiyel kullanım alanlarını keşfetmeye yönelik gelecek araştırmalara da zemin hazırlamaktadır.Öğe Phytochemical analysis of essential oils and the extracts of an ethnomedicinal plant, Teucrium multicaule collected from two different locations with focus on their important biological activities(Elsevier, 2023) Ersoy, Ezgi; Tanaman, Irmak; Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Karahan, Selim; Şahin, Hasan; Çınar, Ercan; Cantürk, Yeter Yeşil; Kara, Emel Mataracı; Zengin, Gökhan; Boğa, MehmetTeucrium species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants and they are known to have extensive therapeutic applications. The main focus of this study, Teucrium multicaule is also renowned for being an important medicinal and aromatic plant in Turkiye. Volatile profiling of the essential oils was conducted by GC MS, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts was carried out by LC HRMS, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities were revealed by different assays. Germacrene D was the most abundant compound in the essential oils from Diyarbakir (TmuD) with 45.4%, and Batman (TmuB) with 54.7%. All extracts were found to be quite rich in phytochemicals by LC HRMS, and herniarin, caffeic acid, naringenin, luteolin, scutellarein, hispidulin, rhamnocitrin, penduletin, eupatilin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, hederagenin, and verbascoside were found to be present in all extracts. T. multicaule roots extract from Diyarbakir (TmuRD) demonstrated the highest radical scavenging, a-amylase inhibitory (59.82§0.36%), and antibutyrylcholinesterase activity (61.96§ 1.72%), whereas T. multicaule aerial parts extract from Batman (TmuHB) exhibited the strongest antityrosinase (66.17§0.92%), antiurease (67.85§0.69%), and cytotoxic (54.76 § 1.57 mg/mL) activities. TmuRD also showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis with 156.2 mg/mL MIC value. As revealed by this first detailed report on T. multicaule, the plant demonstrates various important biological activities attributed to its rich phytochemicals, which also justifies its use in ethnomedicine.Öğe The Therapeutic potential of ethnomedicinally important Anatolian thyme species: A Phytochemical and biological assessment(Frontiers, 09.06.2022) Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Ersoy, Ezgi; Cantürk, Yeter Yeşil; Kara, Emel Mataracı; Çınar, Ercan; Şahin, Hasan; Karahan, Selim; Sancaktepe, Kübra Karaca; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Boğa, MehmetThyme has been used for various therapeutic purposes in many different cultures, which makes it one of the most riveting medicinal plants throughout history. From its beneficial effects on the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal system, to its unique skin-related activities, the investigation of the medicinal properties of thyme has always been an alluring topic for researchers aiming to develop conventional medications from this traditional herb. With an incentive to contribute to the extensive thyme research, three Thymus L. species namely Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas (endemic), Thymus praceox subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas, and Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak from Turkey were deeply investigated within this study. The analysis of the phytochemical constituents of the extracts was conducted by LC-MS/MS. 12 biologically important secondary metabolites (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, quinic acid, fumaric acid, vanillin, malic acid, rutin, apigenin, naringenin, and nicotiflorin) were detected in all extracts. Their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated (11.15 ± 0.17—61.12 ± 2.59 μg PEs/mg extract, 2.53 ± 0.04—40.28 ± 0.92 μg QEs/mg extract, respectively), and the antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and CUPRAC activity methods, accordingly, the extracts were shown to possess significant antioxidant activity. Among them, Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas was the most active with IC50 values of 34.97 ± 1.00 μg/ml and 9.98 ± 0.04 μg/ml regarding the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, respectively, and an A0.5 value of 5.80 ± 0.02 μg/ml according to CUPRAC activity method. Their anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities were also tested, Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas (35.61 ± 1.20%) and Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak aerial part extract (33.49 ± 1.39%) exhibited moderate antibutyrylcholinesterase activity at 200 μg/ml concentration. The results of the cell viability assay indicated that the extracts demonstrated moderate-to-low cytotoxicity on A498 human renal cell lines. Furthermore, all studied extracts exerted noteworthy antimicrobial activity, especially against Candida tropicalis (MIC values: 19.53—78.12 μg/ml). The presented data substantiates the use of thyme extracts as therapeutic agents in both ethnomedicine and conventional therapies.Öğe Towards a better understanding of commonly used medicinal plants from Turkiye: Detailed phytochemical screening and biological activity studies of two Teucrium L. species with in vitro and in silico approach(Elsevier Ireland Ltd., 2023) Ersoy, Ezgi; Süvari, Goncagül; Ercan, Selami; Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Karahan, Selim; Tuncay, Evin Aygün; Boğa, MehmetEthnopharmacological relevance: Since ancient times, Teucrium L. species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants mainly in the Mediterranean region. From tackling gastrointestinal problems to maintaining the healthy functioning of endocrine glands, and from treating malaria to severe dermatological disorders, Teucrium species are known to have extensive therapeutic applications. Teucrium polium L. and Teucrium parviflorum Schreb. are the two members of the genus that have been used in Turkish folk medicine for various medicinal purposes. Aim of the study: To determine the phytochemical compositions of the essential oils and ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium and Teucrium parviflorum collected from different locations in Turkiye along with the investigation of in vitro antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial activities, and both in vitro and in silico enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts. Materials and methods: Ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium aerial parts and roots, and aerial parts of Teucrium parviflorum were prepared. Volatile profiling of the essential oils by GC-MS, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts by LC-HRMS, antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, CUPRAC, and metal chelating activity assays, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, activities by different enzyme inhibitory activity assays, anticancer activity by SRB cell viability assay, and antimicrobial activity against a standard panel of bacteria and fungi by the microbroth dilution technique. Molecular docking studies were performed by Autodock Vina (Ver. 1.1.2). Results: The studied extracts were found to be quite rich in various biologically important volatile and phenolic compounds. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate, which is a molecule renowned for having great therapeutic potential, was the major compound of all extracts. Teucrium polium aerial parts extract was revealed as a great source for naringenin with 16327 ± 685.23 μg/g extract. All extracts exerted significant antioxidant activity by different methods. All extracts demonstrated antibutrylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities by in vitro and in silico assays. Teucrium polium roots extract stood out with remarkable tyrosinase and urease inhibitory and cytotoxic activities. Conclusion: The obtained results from this multi-disciplinary study proves that the traditional use of these two Teucrium species is justified, and the mechanisms behind are enlightened.Öğe Volatile and phenolic profiling of a traditional medicinal plant, Hypericum empetrifolium with in vitro biological activities(Elsevier Ireland LTD, 2021) Boğa, Mehmet; Ersoy, Ezgi; Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Çınar, Ercan; Kara, Emel Mataracı; Cantürk, Yeter Yeşil; Zengin, GökhanEthnopharmacological relevance: Hypericum empetrifolium Willd is a member of the Hypericaceae family, mainly known in southern Greece, and western Turkey. Being a centuries-old medicinal plant, the aerial parts of the plant have been used for the treatment of herpes, kidney stones, gastric ulcer, and also for their anti-helminthic, and diuretic purposes traditionally. Aim of the study: The current study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles of the essential oil, and two ethanol extracts prepared from the aerial parts (H. empetrifolium aerial parts extract HEA), and roots of the plant (H. empetrifolium roots extract HER), and to provide data on antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of the extracts. Materials and methods: In this study, volatile and phenolic compounds of the HEA and HER were analyzed by GC MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Antioxidant potential of the extracts was clarified by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS cation radical assay, and the CUPRAC assay. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assays were used to determine enzyme inhibition capacity of the extracts. Cytotoxic activity of the extracts was established by using XTT assay. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by the microbroth dilution technique. Results: The major compounds of the essential oil were revealed as alloaromodendrene (24.7%), alpha-pinene (14.7%), beta-pinene (10.7%), and alpha-terpineol (7.7%) by the GC-MS analysis. According to the LC-MS/MS analysis results, quinic acid was the most abundant constituent in both extracts with 20612.42 +/- 169.02 mu g/g extract in HEA extract, and with 2254.34 +/- 18.49 mu g/g extract in HER extract, respectively. The HEA extract was also found to be rich in terms of chlorogenic acid (5583.14 +/- 38.52 mu g/g extract), isoquercitrin (3076.77 +/- 40.92 mu g/g extract), and malic acid (2822.90 +/- 31.90 mu g/g extract). HEA extract exhibited a significant antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 11.98 +/- 0.22 mu g/mL according to the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Similar results were obtained with the ABTS cation radical assay, and the CUPRAC assay. HER extract showed a strong butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect with 88.69 +/- 0.62% at 200 mu g/mL concentration. Both extracts were considered to have moderate anti-tyrosinase activity compared to the standard at 200 mu g/mL. The best antimicrobial activity was obtained for HEA against C. parapsilosis with an MIC value of 4.88 mu g/mL. HEA also exhibited antifungal activity against C. tropicalis with 19.53 mu g/mL. Only HER exhibited low cytotoxicity on A498 renal cell lines with 60.6% cell viability. Conclusion: Unquestionably, H. empetrifolium Willd has ethnopharmacological importance according to these results, and further investigations are required to evaluate other therapeutic properties of the plant.
