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    Phytochemical analysis of essential oils and the extracts of an ethnomedicinal plant, Teucrium multicaule collected from two different locations with focus on their important biological activities
    (Elsevier, 2023) Ersoy, Ezgi; Tanaman, Irmak; Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Karahan, Selim; Şahin, Hasan; Çınar, Ercan; Cantürk, Yeter Yeşil; Kara, Emel Mataracı; Zengin, Gökhan; Boğa, Mehmet
    Teucrium species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants and they are known to have extensive therapeutic applications. The main focus of this study, Teucrium multicaule is also renowned for being an important medicinal and aromatic plant in Turkiye. Volatile profiling of the essential oils was conducted by GC MS, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts was carried out by LC HRMS, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities were revealed by different assays. Germacrene D was the most abundant compound in the essential oils from Diyarbakir (TmuD) with 45.4%, and Batman (TmuB) with 54.7%. All extracts were found to be quite rich in phytochemicals by LC HRMS, and herniarin, caffeic acid, naringenin, luteolin, scutellarein, hispidulin, rhamnocitrin, penduletin, eupatilin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, hederagenin, and verbascoside were found to be present in all extracts. T. multicaule roots extract from Diyarbakir (TmuRD) demonstrated the highest radical scavenging, a-amylase inhibitory (59.82§0.36%), and antibutyrylcholinesterase activity (61.96§ 1.72%), whereas T. multicaule aerial parts extract from Batman (TmuHB) exhibited the strongest antityrosinase (66.17§0.92%), antiurease (67.85§0.69%), and cytotoxic (54.76 § 1.57 mg/mL) activities. TmuRD also showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis with 156.2 mg/mL MIC value. As revealed by this first detailed report on T. multicaule, the plant demonstrates various important biological activities attributed to its rich phytochemicals, which also justifies its use in ethnomedicine.
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    The Therapeutic potential of ethnomedicinally important Anatolian thyme species: A Phytochemical and biological assessment
    (Frontiers, 09.06.2022) Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Ersoy, Ezgi; Cantürk, Yeter Yeşil; Kara, Emel Mataracı; Çınar, Ercan; Şahin, Hasan; Karahan, Selim; Sancaktepe, Kübra Karaca; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Boğa, Mehmet
    Thyme has been used for various therapeutic purposes in many different cultures, which makes it one of the most riveting medicinal plants throughout history. From its beneficial effects on the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal system, to its unique skin-related activities, the investigation of the medicinal properties of thyme has always been an alluring topic for researchers aiming to develop conventional medications from this traditional herb. With an incentive to contribute to the extensive thyme research, three Thymus L. species namely Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas (endemic), Thymus praceox subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas, and Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak from Turkey were deeply investigated within this study. The analysis of the phytochemical constituents of the extracts was conducted by LC-MS/MS. 12 biologically important secondary metabolites (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, quinic acid, fumaric acid, vanillin, malic acid, rutin, apigenin, naringenin, and nicotiflorin) were detected in all extracts. Their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated (11.15 ± 0.17—61.12 ± 2.59 μg PEs/mg extract, 2.53 ± 0.04—40.28 ± 0.92 μg QEs/mg extract, respectively), and the antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and CUPRAC activity methods, accordingly, the extracts were shown to possess significant antioxidant activity. Among them, Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas was the most active with IC50 values of 34.97 ± 1.00 μg/ml and 9.98 ± 0.04 μg/ml regarding the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, respectively, and an A0.5 value of 5.80 ± 0.02 μg/ml according to CUPRAC activity method. Their anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities were also tested, Thymus cariensis Hub-Mor. & Jalas (35.61 ± 1.20%) and Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak aerial part extract (33.49 ± 1.39%) exhibited moderate antibutyrylcholinesterase activity at 200 μg/ml concentration. The results of the cell viability assay indicated that the extracts demonstrated moderate-to-low cytotoxicity on A498 human renal cell lines. Furthermore, all studied extracts exerted noteworthy antimicrobial activity, especially against Candida tropicalis (MIC values: 19.53—78.12 μg/ml). The presented data substantiates the use of thyme extracts as therapeutic agents in both ethnomedicine and conventional therapies.
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    Volatile and phenolic profiling of a traditional medicinal plant, Hypericum empetrifolium with in vitro biological activities
    (Elsevier Ireland LTD, 2021) Boğa, Mehmet; Ersoy, Ezgi; Özkan, Esra Eroğlu; Çınar, Ercan; Kara, Emel Mataracı; Cantürk, Yeter Yeşil; Zengin, Gökhan
    Ethnopharmacological relevance: Hypericum empetrifolium Willd is a member of the Hypericaceae family, mainly known in southern Greece, and western Turkey. Being a centuries-old medicinal plant, the aerial parts of the plant have been used for the treatment of herpes, kidney stones, gastric ulcer, and also for their anti-helminthic, and diuretic purposes traditionally. Aim of the study: The current study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles of the essential oil, and two ethanol extracts prepared from the aerial parts (H. empetrifolium aerial parts extract HEA), and roots of the plant (H. empetrifolium roots extract HER), and to provide data on antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of the extracts. Materials and methods: In this study, volatile and phenolic compounds of the HEA and HER were analyzed by GC MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Antioxidant potential of the extracts was clarified by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS cation radical assay, and the CUPRAC assay. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assays were used to determine enzyme inhibition capacity of the extracts. Cytotoxic activity of the extracts was established by using XTT assay. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by the microbroth dilution technique. Results: The major compounds of the essential oil were revealed as alloaromodendrene (24.7%), alpha-pinene (14.7%), beta-pinene (10.7%), and alpha-terpineol (7.7%) by the GC-MS analysis. According to the LC-MS/MS analysis results, quinic acid was the most abundant constituent in both extracts with 20612.42 +/- 169.02 mu g/g extract in HEA extract, and with 2254.34 +/- 18.49 mu g/g extract in HER extract, respectively. The HEA extract was also found to be rich in terms of chlorogenic acid (5583.14 +/- 38.52 mu g/g extract), isoquercitrin (3076.77 +/- 40.92 mu g/g extract), and malic acid (2822.90 +/- 31.90 mu g/g extract). HEA extract exhibited a significant antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 11.98 +/- 0.22 mu g/mL according to the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Similar results were obtained with the ABTS cation radical assay, and the CUPRAC assay. HER extract showed a strong butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect with 88.69 +/- 0.62% at 200 mu g/mL concentration. Both extracts were considered to have moderate anti-tyrosinase activity compared to the standard at 200 mu g/mL. The best antimicrobial activity was obtained for HEA against C. parapsilosis with an MIC value of 4.88 mu g/mL. HEA also exhibited antifungal activity against C. tropicalis with 19.53 mu g/mL. Only HER exhibited low cytotoxicity on A498 renal cell lines with 60.6% cell viability. Conclusion: Unquestionably, H. empetrifolium Willd has ethnopharmacological importance according to these results, and further investigations are required to evaluate other therapeutic properties of the plant.