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Öğe Alterations in Maxillary Sinus Volume among Oral and Nasal Breathers(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2015) Agacayak, Kamil Serkan; Gulsun, Belgin; Koparal, Mahmut; Atalay, Yusuf; Aksoy, Orhan; Adiguzel, OzkanBackground: Oral breathing causes many changes in the facial anatomical structures in adult patients. In this study we aimed to determine the effects of long-term oral breathing (>5 years) on the maxillary sinus volumes among adult male patients. Material/Methods: We accessed medical records of 586 patients who had undergone cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for any reason between September 2013 and April 2014. Patients who had undergone cone-beam dental volumetric tomography scans for any reason and who had answered a questionnaire about breathing were screened retrospectively. Cone beam dental volumetric tomography (I-Cat, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) was used to take the images of the maxillo-facial area at a setting of 120 kVp and 3.7 mA. This study involved male patients older than 21 years of age. Results: The study included a total of 239 male patients, of which 68 were oral breathers and 171 were nasal breathers. The mean age of the oral breathers was 48.4 years and that of the nasal breathers was 46.7 years and the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean maxillary sinus volumes of the oral and nasal breathers were 9043.49 +/- 1987.90 and 10851.77 +/- 2769.37, respectively, and the difference in maxillary sinus volume between the 2 groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusions: The volume of maxillary sinus in oral breathers (>5 years) was significantly lower than in nasal breathers, but it remains unclear whether this is due to malfunctioning of the nasal cavity or due to the underlying pathological condition.Öğe Comparison of Apical Microleakage of Dual-Curing Resin Cements with Fluid-Filtration and Dye Extraction Techniques(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2015) Kaya, Sadullah; Ozer, Senem Yigit; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Orucoglu, Hasan; Deger, Yalcin; Tumen, Emin Caner; Uysal, IbrahimBackground: Endodontically treated teeth with excessive loss of tooth structure are frequently restored using fiber posts. In this in vitro study, the apical leakage of self-and dual-activated curing modes for dual-curing resins cementing a translucent fiber post was evaluated using computerized fluid filtration meter and dye extraction method. Material/Methods: One hundred and four extracted human maxillary incisors with single root and canal were used. Experimental samples embedded in a closed system were divided into 4 groups (n=20) according to 2 dual-curing luting systems, with 2 different curing modes (either with self-or light-activation): (1) Panavia F 2.0 with self-cure, (2) Panavia F 2.0 with light-activation, (3) Clearfill SA with self-cure, and (4) Clearfill SA with light activation. Twenty-four teeth served as negative and positive controls. Translucent fiber posts were luted in the roots except in the control groups. Results: Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference in leakage among groups (p>0.05) with 4.12x10(-4) (Panavia self-cure), 4.55x10(-4) (Clearfill SA self-cure), 5.17x10(-4) (Panavia dual-cure), and 5.59x10(-4) (Clearfill SA dual-cure) in fluid-filtration method. Absorbance values for dye-extraction method were 266 nanometer (nm) (Panavia self-cure), 268 nm (Clearfill SA self-cure), 270 nm (Panavia dual-cure), and 271 nm (Clearfill SA dual-cure), in which difference among the groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). When comparing the leakage, assessment methods results showed no statistically significant difference between the tested evaluation techniques (p>0.05). Conclusions: Light-and self-activation curing modes of Panavia F 2.0 and Clearfill SA perform similar to each other in a closed system.Öğe Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Four Different Adhesive Materials Before and After Polymerisation(Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2020) Cangul, Suzan; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Tekin, SametIntroduction: The aim of this study was to make a quantitative comparison of the cytotoxic potentials of four different polymerised and unpolymerised self-etching adhesives which were newly used clinically. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic effects of both polymerised and unpolymerised forms of all test adhesives were evaluated against L929 cell line using the MTT test. The activity for unpolymerised adhesives was assessed in different doses and incubation times manner. On the other hand, cytotoxicity of the polymerised adhesives prepared at different extraction times were evaluated as dependent on incubation times. Two-Way Variance Analysis and Bonferroni post-test was used for statistical evaluation. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05). In general, it was shown that unpolymerised and polymerised forms of each of the test compounds exhibited a time-dependent cytotoxic effect. However, the effect on polymerised forms was found to be independent of the duration of the extraction, while the effect on the unpolymerised forms increased dose-dependently. It was also determined that the most cytotoxic material in the unpolymerised form was Dentsply and in the polymerised form was Tokuyama. Conclusions: Dentsply should be preferred over Tokuyama to be able to provide clinically long-lasting restorations.Öğe Cone-beam dental computerize tomography for evaluating changes of aging in the dimensions central superior incisor root canals(Medicina Oral S L, 2011) Kaya, Sadullah; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Yavuz, Izzet; Tumen, Emin-Caner; Akkus, ZekiObjectives: Cone-beam dental computerize tomography (CBCT), a noninvasive imaging method, was used to image the pulp-dentin complex. Pulp changes histologically with aging. While many studies have investigated the histological changes in pulp, few studies have focused on the changes in the shape of the root canals. This study evaluated the changes in the root canals with aging of central superior teeth using CBCT. Study Design: The study examined 100 non-carious maxillary central teeth. These teeth were divided into five groups according to the age of the patients: Group A: 15-24, Group B: 25-34, Group C: 35-44, Group D: 45-54 and Group E: 55 years and older. CBCT was used to determine root length, and pulp width at the cervical, apical 1/2, and apical 1/3. Results: On comparing the groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the root length did not differ (P > 0.05), while the pulp width at the cervical, apical 1/2, and apical 1/3 differed between the groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The pulp length did not change with aging, while the pulp width did change. CBCT can be used to determine the precise root length and width, to prevent iatrogenic exposure of the apex, complementing existing methods. This will improve the prediction of the prognosis of root canal treatment.Öğe Deformation of the self-adjusting file on simulated curved root canals: a time-dependent study(Mosby-Elsevier, 2011) Akcay, Ilgin; Yigit-Ozer, Senem; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Kaya, SadulahObjective. This study examined the surface changes of self-adjusting file after operating in different degrees of canal curvatures with a fixed radius of curvature in different operation intervals. Study design. Artificial canals were manufactured in a 5-mm radius of curvature with 45 degrees and 60 degrees angles of curvature. Forty self-adjusting files were divided into 2 groups and submitted to functional fatigue to failure. Twenty files were tested using the 45 degrees angle and the remaining 20 were tested using the 60 degrees angle at 4 minutes for 7 periods in a total of 28 minutes. The average time frame for each 4-minute inspection period was considered as the moment of failure at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 minutes, respectively. Instruments were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy to characterize the material under study. Results. The lattice detachment began at the second period for both groups and continued to increase along with the ongoing testing time. The detachment that occurred in 60 canal curvature was higher at the third and fourth periods when compared with the 45 degrees group (P < .05). For both groups, during the third period, detachment of the arch of the lattice was only one sided; however, this deformation was severe between the fourth and sixth periods with a 2-sided detachment, which was easier to separate. The rough surface became smooth after usage. No full separation of the file was evident for both groups. Conclusions. In multirooted teeth with severely curved root canals, using more than one self-adjusting file might be recommended to prevent lattice detachment. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011; 112: e12-e17)Öğe Does the Use of Ozone as a Cavity Disinfectant Affect the Bonding Strength of Antibacterial Bonding Agents?(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Cangul, Suzan; Erpacal, Begum; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Sagmak, Savas; Unal, Server; Tekin, SametThe aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ozone as cavity disinfectant on the bonding strength to dentin of different antibacterial bonding agents. The study was conducted on 60 cavity-free 3rd molar teeth. The prepared samples were separated into 3 groups. These groups were each sub-divided into 2 groups of 10 as a group with ozone applied and a control group. In Group 1a, ozone was applied as cavity disinfectant for 6 secs to all the exposed dentin surfaces then restoration was applied. In Group 1b as the control group, the restoration stages were applied without any cavity disinfection. Gluma 2 Bond, our first antibacterial adhesive material, was applied to all dentin surfaces and polymerized. The second and third groups were divided into two groups. Clearfil SE Protect Primer and Clearfil SE Protect Bond were applied in the group 2. Peak Universal was used in Group 3. After the application of the adhesive materials and then Estelite posterior quick composite was applied and polymerized. The bonding strengths of all the samples were measured in an Instron test device. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann Whitney U-test and the Kruskal Wallis test. The highest bonding strength was determined in Gluma 2 Bond (7,79), and the lowest bonding strength was in Peek Universal (3,43). It was concluded that ozone adhesive systems can be safely currently used as they have been shown to increase bonding strength and can eliminate bacteria.Öğe Effectiveness of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and MTAD on debris and smear layer removal using a self-adjusting file(Mosby-Elsevier, 2011) Adiguzel, Ozkan; Yigit-Ozer, Senem; Kaya, Sadullah; Uysal, Ibrahim; Ganidagli-Ayaz, Selengul; Akkus, ZekiObjective. The aim of this study was to investigate the cleaning ability of a self-adjusting file (SAF) system regarding debris and smear layer removal using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or MTAD. Study design. In total, 45 maxillary incisor teeth were randomly divided into 2 different irrigation groups of 20 canals each and a negative control group of 5 canals. The canals in each of the irrigation groups were irrigated using sodium hypochlorite (1.3%) as an initial irrigant during the first 2 minutes of operation, followed by 2 minutes continuous irrigation with either 17% EDTA or MTAD in a closed system. The negative control group was irrigated using 1.3% sodium hypochlorite. The roots were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of debris and smear layer in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the canal was evaluated using a 5-grade scoring system with x200 and x2,000 magnification, respectively. Results. The SAF operation with 2-minute continuous irrigation using MTAD resulted in root canal walls that were free of smear layer in 85%, 70%, and 60% and of debris in 95%, 90%, and 95% of the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root canals, respectively. The SAF operation with continuous irrigation using EDTA resulted in root canal walls that were free of smear layer in 85%, 60%, and 50% and of debris in 95%, 90%, and 85% of the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root canals, respectively. Teeth in the negative control group were totally covered with debris. Evaluation by SEM showed no significant difference between the tested irrigants in removing the smear layer and debris among the different regions of the root canal. Both groups were significantly different from the negative control group. Conclusions. When using the SAF, the protocols used in this study were effective for debridement for all regions of the root canal even for the apical thirds. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;112:803-808)Öğe Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field on Pulp Tissue of Rats(Medwell Online, 2011) Kaya, Sadullah; Celik, M. Salih; Akdag, Mehmet Zulkuf; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Yavuz, Izzet; Nergiz, Yusuf; Ayaz, ErcanThis study aims to investigate the effect of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field (ELF-ME) on dental pulp of ovariectomized rats. About 75 female Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: cage-control, ovariectomy, ELF-MF exposure, ELF-MF exposure with strontium ranelate treatments and ovariectomy application, ELF-MF exposure with ovariectomy application. All groups except cage-control and ovariectomy groups were exposed to 1.5 mT ELF-MF exposure throughout 6 months, 4 h a day. After all applications, pulp tissues of rat teeth were investigated under light microscope. Between the groups, histological differences in collagen fibrils, fibroblasts, blood vessels and odontoblasts that create the pulp were found. We concluded that osteoporosis affected the odontoblasts and fibroblasts in rat dental pulp, ELF-MF exposure did not resolve the histopathological effect due to osteoporosis but enhanced this pathological effect, strontium ranelate was more efficient to eliminate the effects of osteoporosis than ELF-MF application.Öğe Evaluation of Microleakage Caused by Different LED Light Sources in Composite Resins with AutoCAD Program(Sci Printers & Publ Inc, 2020) Cangul, Suzan; Atas, Osman; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Erpacal, Begum; Bakir, Metin; Eskibaglar, MehmetOBJECTIVE: To use AutoCAD software to examine the microleakage of bulk-fill composites occurring as a result of polymerization with different light sources. STUDY DESIGN: In a total of 40 extracted first molar teeth, class I cavities were opened. Then 4 groups were formed of 10 samples in each group. All the samples were restored with SDR bulk-fill composite. The samples were polymerized with an LED light source as follows: Group 1, Mikado; Group 2, Woodpecker; Group 3, Planmeca; and Group 4, CarboLED. Each tooth was divided into 2 sections. Each section was examined under stereomicroscope, and the dimensions of the leakage surface area were measured with AutoCAD software. In the statistical evaluations of the data, the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey B tests were used. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the groups in the statistical evaluations (p <0.05). The highest value was found in the CarboLED group and the lowest value was found in the group where Mikado light source was used. CONCLUSION: There are many factors affecting polymerization. Since there are insufficient studies on this subject, it should be supported with new research.Öğe Evaluation of radicular dentin erosion and smear layer removal capacity of Self-Adjusting File using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite as an initial irrigant(Mosby-Elsevier, 2011) Kaya, Sadullah; Yigit-Ozer, Senem; Adiguzel, OzkanObjective. The aim of this study was to evaluate Self-Adjusting File (SAF) in the removal of smear layer and impact on the dentin surface using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an initial irrigation solution at 3 different concentrations combined with 1% EDTA. In addition, the erosive effect of this dual irrigation regime was examined. Study design. Root canal preparations were performed in 30 teeth using the SAF with a continuous irrigation device (Vatea) in a closed system in which the apical foramen was sealed. The vibration mode was on for 5 minutes during the preparation. Three different concentrations of NaOCl (1.3%, 2.6%, and 5.25%) and 1% EDTA were used for continuous irrigation. The final flush was also performed using NaOCl with the vibration mode on. The roots were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of the smear layer was scored using a 5-point scoring system, and the erosive capacity of the irrigants were scored using a 3-point scoring system. Results. The results showed no significant difference in smear layer removal among different concentrations of NaOCl and among the regions. Clean dentin surfaces were observed in 80%, 70%, and 70% with a score of 1 or 2 of the apical thirds using 1.3%, 2.6%, and 5.25% NaOCl, respectively. The 1.3% and 2.6% NaOCl solutions showed similar erosion patterns on the root canal walls (P > .05); however, 5.25% NaOCl caused severe erosion (P < .05). Conclusions. When using the SAF with continuous irrigation and vibration, lower concentrations of NaOCl and EDTA can be recommended for efficient clinical removal of the smear layer even in the apical thirds and to avoid excessive erosion of root dentin. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;112:524-530)Öğe Evaluation of Temperature and Stress Distribution on 2 Different Post Systems Using 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2015) Deger, Yalcin; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Ozer, Senem Yigit; Kaya, Sadullah; Polat, Zelal Seyfioglu; Bozyel, BejnaBackground: The mouth is exposed to thermal irritation from hot and cold food and drinks. Thermal changes in the oral cavity produce expansions and contractions in tooth structures and restorative materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and stress distribution on 2 different post systems using the 3-dimensional (3D) finite element method. Material/Methods: The 3D finite element model shows a labio-lingual cross-sectional view of the endodontically treated upper right central incisor and supporting periodontal ligament with bone structures. Stainless steel and glass fiber post systems with different physical and thermal properties were modelled in the tooth restored with composite core and ceramic crown. We placed 100 N static vertical occlusal loading onto the center of the incisal surface of the tooth. Thermal loads of 0 degrees C and 65 degrees C were applied on the model for 5 s. Temperature and thermal stresses were determined on the labio-lingual section of the model at 6 different points. Results: The distribution of stress, including thermal stress values, was calculated using 3D finite element analysis. The stainless steel post system produced more temperature and thermal stresses on the restorative materials, tooth structures, and posts than did the glass fiber reinforced composite posts. Conclusions: Thermal changes generated stresses in the restorative materials, tooth, and supporting structures.Öğe Evaluation of the use of PEEK material in post-core and crown restorations using finite element analysis(Mosher & Linder, Inc, 2020) Tekin, Samet; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Cangul, Suzan; Atas, Osman; Erpacal, BegumPurpose: To compare the stresses generated after the use of low elastic modulus polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as dental post and crown material with glass fiber post and metal supported ceramic crowns using finite element analysis. Methods: First an image of a maxillary central incisor taken on micro-computed tomography (microCT) was uploaded to a computer program. Modeling was made of all the materials in the computer environment and 3-dimensional (3D) virtual models were obtained. Using two different post materials (glass fiber and PEEK post) and two different crown materials (metal supported ceramic and PEEK crown), the modeling of the maxillary central tooth was completed and a total of four groups were obtained. Finally, 135 degrees and 100 N forces were applied from the midpoint of the palatal surface. Results: The FEA analysis showed the use of PEEK as post material decreased the stress values in the post, post cement and composite core models and did not have any significant change in the dentin and crown cement models. The use of composite veneer with PEEK substructure as crown material reduced stress values in dentin, the post and composite core and increased stress values in both the post cement and the crown cement.Öğe Influence of Fiber-reinforced Composites on the Resistance to Fracture of Vertically Fractured and Reattached Fragments(Elsevier Science Inc, 2011) Sen, Bilge Hakan; Ozer, Senem Yigit; Kaya, Sadullah; Adiguzel, OzkanIntroduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the fracture type and test the effects of 2 different fibers on fracture strength of roots with reattached fragments. The null hypothesis was that adding suitable fibers to the content of dual-cure adhesive resin cement increases the fracture resistance of reattached fragments under vertical forces. Methods: Root canals of 45 teeth were prepared, and the teeth were intentionally fractured into 2 separate fragments. Control groups (n = 7 each) consisted of unfractured teeth with instrumented and obturated or only instrumented root canals. The fractured teeth were divided into 3 groups (n = 15 each), and separated fragments were reattached by using (1) dual-cured resin cement (Clearfil SA), (2) dual-cured resin cement + polyethylene fiber (Construct), or (3) dual-cured resin cement + glass fiber (Stick-Net). Force was applied at a constant speed of 0.5 mrn/min to the root until fracture. Mean load was recorded and analyzed statistically by using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (P = .05). Fracture types were analyzed by using chi(2) analysis with Yates correction. Results: Stick-Net demonstrated the lowest fracture resistance (P < .05), whereas Construct and Clearfil SA had similar fracture strengths (P > .05). The roots in the control group showed the highest fracture resistance. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the Construct, Clearfil SA, and control groups (P > .05). Conclusions: Separated fragments of vertically fractured teeth can be reattached by using a dual-cured resin or by adding polyethylene fiber (Construct). (J Endod 2011;37:549-553)Öğe Laser Application to the Root Surface Increases the Bonding Strength of Surface-Treated Prefabricated Glass-Fiber Posts in Teeth with Excessive Substance Loss(Int Scientific Literature, Inc, 2018) Gorus, Zuhal; Mese, Ayse; Yilmaz, Berivan Dundar; Adiguzel, OzkanBackground: This study examined the effect of roughening of the root surface using an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er: YAG) laser on the binding strength of teeth undergoing root canal treatment. Material/Methods: Ninety single-rooted teeth were used and assigned randomly to 9 groups (n=10 each). Root canals were prepared using the FlexMaster rotary system. An Er: YAG laser was applied to the root canals in Group 1, with no surface treatment of the glass-fiber post. In Group 2, aluminum oxide particles were applied. In Group 3, the laser was applied to the root canals, with Cojet treatment. Group 4 received laser treatment and Clearfil Ceramic Primer. In Group 5, Clearfil Ceramic Primer silane coupling was performed on post surfaces without laser treatment. In Group 6, hydrofluoric acid (HF) application was followed by Clearfil Ceramic Primer cementing of the glass post surfaces with laser application. In Group 7, HF acid treatment was performed without laser. In Group 8, the laser was applied, followed by sanding of post surfaces using Korox 50, and silane coupling with Clearfil Ceramic Primer. In Group 9, the post surfaces were sanded using Korox 50 with laser application to the root canals. The samples were subjected to a push-out experiment. The data were analyzed using Friedman's test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: A significant difference in bonding strength was found among the groups (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Use of an Er: YAG laser in the root canal may be beneficial prior to bonding of glass posts.Öğe Patient-specific factors in the proximity of the inferior alveolar nerve to the tooth apex(Medicina Oral S L, 2012) Adiguzel, Ozkan; Yigit-Ozer, Senem; Kaya, Sadullah; Akkus, ZekiObjectives: To evaluate whether age and gender differences are predictive factors for inferior alveolar nerve position with respect to mandibular first molar roots. Study Design: Cone-beam computed tomography scans [0.2-mm(3) voxel size; n = 200 (100 males, 100 females)] of patients aged 15-65 years showing mandibular first and second molars were included in this study. Patients with pathoses that might affect inferior alveolar nerve position, including second molar and/or first premolar extraction, were excluded. Fourteen measurements (mm) were taken from the inferior alveolar nerve to the mesial and distal root apices. Subjects were grouped by age and gender. Data were analysed using two-way analyses of variance with post hoc Bonferroni corrections. Results: The distance from the inferior alveolar nerve to the root apices was smaller in females than males, regardless of age (p < 0.01). Distal roots were closer to the nerve than mesial roots in both genders (p < 0.05). Total buccolingual mandibular length (at 3-mm apical level) was shorter in females than males (p < 0.01) but mean buccolingual mandibular width at the level of the inferior alveolar canal did not differ. Nerve-root apex distances were significantly shorter in males and females aged 16-25 and 56-65 years than in other age groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The distance between inferior alveolar nerve and mandibular first molar roots depends upon the age and gender: it is shorter in females than in males and in subjects aged 16-25 years and >55 years than in other age groups.Öğe Three-dimensional evaluation of maxillary sinus volume in different age and sex groups using CBCT(Springer, 2019) Belgin, Ceren Aktuna; Colak, Mehmet; Adiguzel, Ozkan; Akkus, Zeki; Orhan, KaanAim Sinus maxillaris is an important anatomical formation in many branches of dentistry due to its proximity to the field of work. Various methods have been used in literature to measure the maxillary sinus volume (MSV) such as cadavers, stereology, two-dimensional conventional radiographs, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this study is to evaluate the change of maxillary sinus volume according to age and gender with MIMICS 19.0 (Materialise HQ Technologielaan, Leuven, Belgium) which is one of three-dimensional modeling software. Materials and methods This study was performed in 200 patients selected by a retrospective review of the archives of the Dicle University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Patients were divided into five age groups (18-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, and >= 55 years) and by sex. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the patients were transferred to the MIMICS software and the MSV was measured. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 21) software. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the right and left maxillary sinus volume according to the findings obtained from our study, and maxillary sinus volume in males was found to be significantly higher than that of females. Another finding of our study is that the maxillary sinus volume decreases with age increase. Especially it was also found that the sinus volume in males in the 18-24 age group was statistically significantly higher than females. Conclusion Consequently, maxillary sinus volume measurements can be made on CT, CBCT, MRI scans using reconstruction software.
