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Öğe Bazı Allium (yabani sarımsak) türlerinin aflatoksin, ağır metal ve sekonder metabolit içeriklerinin ICP-MS ve LC-MS/MS ile belirlenmesi ve biyolojik aktivitelerinin incelenmesi(2016) İzol, Ebubekir; Temel, HamdiAlliaceae (Zambakgiller) familyasına ait Allium cins adı ile bilinen sarımsak, soğan en önemli sebze türlerindendir. 25 - 30 cm yüksekliğinde yeşilimsi beyaz veya pembe çiçekli otsu bir bitkidir. Nadiren tohum bağlar, bu nedenle soğancıkları ile üretilir. Allium cinsinin dünya üzerinde yaklaşık 800 türü bulunmakta iken, ülkemizde ise 197 takson bulunmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında özellikle ülkemizin Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde yetişen bazı türlerin toprak altı ve toprak üstü kısımlarından hazırlanan etanol ekstrelerinin toplam fenolik miktarları pirokatekole, toplam flavonoid miktarları kersetine eş değer olarak tayin edilmiştir. Hazırlanan bu ekstrelerin antioksidan aktiviteleri ?-karoten renk açılımı, DPPH serbest radikal giderimi, ABTS katyon radikali giderimi ve CUPRAC yöntemleri ile, antikolinesteraz aktiviteleri ise asetil- ve bütiril-kolineteraz yöntemleri ile belirlenmiştir. Bu biyolojik aktivitelerin yanı sıra bu ekstrrelerin sitotoksik aktiviteleri fibroblast (bağ doku hücresi) ve DLD-1 (kolon kanser hücresi)hücreleri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan türler halk arasında besin olarak tüketildiği için toksik etkilerini ortaya koymak için ICP-MS ile ağır metal içerikleri ve ELISA cihazı ile total aflatoksin içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu türlerden hazırlanan etanol ekstrelerinin LC-MS/MS ile fenolik içeriği grubumuz tarafından daha önce valide edilen metoda göre tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan 12 farklı Allium türünün genel olarak total fenolik içeriğinin flavonoid içeriğe göre daha zengin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Total fenolik içerik bakımından en zengin ekstre AAtü olmakla beraber AAta, AAHtü, AAHta ve AAVtü ekstrelerinde zengin içeriğe sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Total flavonoid içerik bakımından ise yine AAHta, AAHtü ve AAVtü ekstrelerinin en yüksek içeriğe sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan 25 ekstrenin antikolinesteraz aktivitelerinin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca genel olarak çalışılan tüm ekstrelerin antioksidan aktivitelerinin düşük/orta derecede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fakat çalışılan bazı ekstrelerin özellikle kanserli DLD-1 hücre serileri üzerinde yüksek sitotoksik aktiviteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle total fenolik ve flavonoid içerik bakımından zengin olan AAtü ekstresinin hem orta dercede antioksidan (ABTS) hemde yüksek derecede sitotoksik etki potansiyeline sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki türlerin genel olarak düşük total aflatoksin içeriğe sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fakat özellikle antioksidan kapasite bakımından aktif olan AAHtü ekstresinin hazırlandığı AAH türünün içerdiği total aflatoksin değerinin yüksek olması besin olarak tüketiminin kontrollü bir şekilde yapılması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca çalışılan bazı türlerin özellikle kurşun, kadmiyum ve arsenik içeriğinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak çalışılan bütün türlerin LC-MS/MS sonuçlarına göre fenolik içeriklerinin çeşitlilik ve miktar bakımından fakir olduğu belirlenmiştir. Halk arasında Allium türleri hem gıda ve kozmetik hem de tıbbi uygulamalar için kullanılan en eski kültür bitkileri arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma ile değerli bu türlerden 12 tanesi biyolojik ve kimyasal yönden taranmış ve daha detaylı çalışmalar için önemli veriler ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Allium, antioksidan aktivite, LC-MS/MS, fenolik içerik, ağır metal, sitotoksik aktiviteÖğe Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of Salvia hispanica L. callus extracts using LC–MS/MS(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2024) Çelik, Şenol; Dervişoğlu, Gökhan; İzol, Ebubekir; Sęczyk, Łukasz; Özdemir, Fethi Ahmet; Yılmaz, Muhammed Enes; Yılmaz, Mustafa AbdullahIn this research, the study utilized the root, leaf, and petiole parts of in vitro grown Salvia hispanica plants as explants. Following UV-C treatment applied to developing callus, methanol extracts were obtained and analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to investigate their anticancer properties. First, the seeds of S. hispanica were soaked in commercial bleach for 6 min to ensure surface sterilization. The most effective antimicrobial activity on Gram-negative bacteria, with a zone diameter (11 ± 0.82 mm), was noticed in callus extracts obtained from the petiole explant in the second protocol against Klebsiella pneumoniae EMCS bacteria. Anticancer activities on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were investigated by using 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, and 78.12 μg/mL doses of the extracts, and the most effective cytotoxic activity was determined at the 1000 μg/mL dose of the extracts obtained from both protocols. The extracts were determined to inhibit hCAI, hCAII, AChE, and BChE enzymes. The content of 53 different phytochemical components of the extracts was analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Rosmarinic acid, quinic acid, and caffeic acid were found in the highest concentration. The comprehensive LC–MS/MS analysis of S. hispanica extracts revealed a diverse array of phytochemical compounds, highlighting its potential for therapeutic applications.Öğe Comprehensive phytochemical content by LC/MS/MS and anticholinergic, antiglaucoma, antiepilepsy, and antioxidant activity of apilarnil (Drone larvae)(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2023) İnci, Hakan; İzol, Ebubekir; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; İlkaya, Mehmet; Bingöl, Zeynebe; Gülçin, İlhamiApilarnil is 3–7 days old drone larvae. It is an organic bee product known to be rich in protein. In this study, the biological activities of Apilarnil were determined by its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects. Antioxidant activities were determined by Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe3+-TPTZ ((2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), reducing ability and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⋅) scavenging assays. Also, its enzyme inhibition effects were tested against carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I, hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Antioxidant activity of Apilarnil was generally lower than the standard molecules in the applied methods. In DPPH⋅ radical scavenging assay, Apilarnil exhibited higher radical scavenging than some standards. Enzyme inhibition results towards hCA I (IC50: 14.2 μg/mL), hCA II: (IC50: 11.5 μg/mL), AChE (IC50: 22.1 μg/mL), BChE (IC50: 16.1 μg/mL) were calculated. In addition, the quantity of 53 different phytochemical compounds of Apilarnil was determined by a validated method by LC/MS/MS. Compounds with the highest concentrations (mg analyte/g dry extract) were determined as quinic acid (1091.045), fumaric acid (48.714), aconitic acid (47.218), kaempferol (39.946), and quercetin (27.508). As a result, it was determined that Apilarnil had effective antioxidant profile when compared to standard antioxidants.Öğe A detailed chemical and biological investigation of twelve allium species from Eastern Anatolia with chemometric studies(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2021) İzol, Ebubekir; Temel, Hamdi; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Yener, İsmail; Ölmez, Özge Tokul; Kaplaner, Erhan; Fırat, Mehmet; Ertaş, Abdülselam; 0000-0002-4090-7227; 0000-0001-9225-7425; 0000-0002-0988-9462; 0000-0002-2093-4949; 0000-0002-2193-8386Allium species are widely consumed as food all over the world. The phenolic profile of ethanol extracts of aerial parts and roots of 12 Allium species, collected from five different Eastern Anatolia regions, were studied using LC-MS/MS. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were also tested. The multivariate analyses were performed using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Seventeen of 27 standard compounds were detected in all Allium species. The major components were mainly identified as quinic acid, malic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid. The aerial parts possessed better antioxidant activity than roots. Aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense exhibited high cytotoxic activity against DLD-1 colon cancer cell lines (IC50 12.5 mu g/mL). A. shatakiense and A. vineale demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli (MIC 75 mu g/mL). According to chemometric analysis, differences were detected between aerial parts and the roots. The aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense could be potent in the pharmaceutical industry while A. shatakiense and A. vineale in the food industry after further investigations.Öğe Detailed phytochemical evaluation of a locally endemic species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and its in-depth antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Çakır, Oğuz; İzol, Ebubekir; Tarhan, Abbas; Behçet, Lütfi̇; Zengin, GökhanThe importance of bioactive plant species in the scientific world is increasing day by day. The relationship between health and traditional-modern life, promotes the creation of new value-added natural products. This is the first research to conduct a bioactivity and chemical composition analysis of Campanula baskilensis species, which belongs to the medicinally important genus Campanula L (Campanulaceae). The aim of the current study is to quantitatively investigate the phytochemical contents of aerial and root parts of different C. baskilensis extracts (ethanol, methanol, and water) by LC-MS/MS and to evaluate their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Remarkably, LC-MS/MS results revealed that, high amounts of quinic acid (53.6 mg/g aerial-MeOH extract), fumaric acid (6.3 mg/g aerial-H2O extract, 2.5 mg/g root-H2O extract), protocatechuic acid (11.4 mg/g aerial-H2O extract), vanillic acid (1.4 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (2.3 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), hesperetin 7-rutinoside (hesperidin) (2.0 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (5.5 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract) were detected in the extracts of the species. Considering the bioactivity tests performed on C. baskilensis extracts, aerial-H2O extract showed significant activity in all antioxidant assays. However, ethanol extracts of root and aerial parts exhibited the highest activities in all enzyme inhibitory tests.Öğe Determination of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic, Antiglaucoma Properties and Comprehensive Phytochemical Content by LC-MS/MS of Bingöl Honeybee Pollen(Wiley, 2025) İzol, Ebubekir; Turhan, Münire; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Çağlayan, Cüneyt; Gülçin, İlhamiHoneybee pollen is the most important food and protein source for bees. It is a highly nutritious natural product for humans due to its content. Pollen shows different phytochemical content and variable biological activity according to different geography and vegetation. Therefore, in this study, the comprehensive phytochemical content by LC-MS/MS, and its antioxidant properties by different assays, with enzyme inhibition potential; antidiabetic, anticholinergic, and antiglaucoma properties, were determined from a pollen sample from Bingö l province, one of the significant beekeeping centers in Tü rkiye. As a result of LC-MS/MS, 15 metabolites were determined, and the highest concentration of quinic acid (1.531 mg analyte/g extract) was found. Antioxidant results: total phenolic content 113.14 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content 64.11 mg QE/g, Fe3+ reduction 0.43 mu g/mL, CUPRAC 0.511 mu g/mL, FRAP 0.976 mu g/mL, DPPH IC50: 1.06 mu g/mL, ABTS IC50: 0.933 mu g/mL, and DMPD IC50: 0.598 mu g/mL. In addition, pollen showed antiglaucoma, anticholinergic, and antidiabetic properties by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and alpha- amylase enzymes, respectively. In this study, it was determined that Bingö l pollen has a comprehensive phytochemical content and antioxidant properties and, for the first time, inhibits hCA II, AChE, and alpha-amylase enzymes.Öğe Enzyme inhibitory function and phytochemical profile of Inula discoidea using in vitro and in silico methods(Elsevier, 2021) Bursal, Ercan; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; İzol, Ebubekir; Türkan, Fikret; Atalar, Mehmet Nuri; Murahari, Manikanta; Aras, Abdulmelik; Ahmad, MushtaqMany plant species have a large diversity of secondary metabolites with different biological activities. This study aims to assess the phenolic constituent, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the aqueous (water) and methanol extracts of Inula discoidea. The enzyme assays showed effective enzyme inhibition of the methanol extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and alpha-glycosidase (alpha-Gly) enzymes. The IC50 values for AChE, BChE, GST, and alpha-Gly were found as 38.5 mg/mL, 34.65 mg/mL, 77.0 mg/mL, and 40.76 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant properties of the aqueous and methanol extracts of I. discoidea were determined by four well-known in vitro techniques (ABTS, CUPRAC, DPPH, and FRAP methods). The antioxidant values of both water and methanol extracts were found to be better than the standard antioxidants (BHA, BHT, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol) in ABTS and CUPRAC methods. According to an updated LC-MS/MS technique analysis, quinic acid (21.08 mg/g), protocatechuic acid (4.49 mg/g), and gallic acid (0.48 mg/g) were found as major phenolic compounds of the plant extract. The binding interactions of major phenolic compounds of I. discoidea with the AChE, BChE, GST, and alpha-Gly enzymes were investigated by the molecular docking studies.Öğe A research on the chemical, mineral and fatty acid compositions of two almond cultivars grown as organic and conventional in southeastern Turkey(CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 2022) Gülsoy, Ersin; Tarhan, Abbas; İzol, Ebubekir; Çokran, Berna Doğru; Şimşek, MikdatOrganic farming is a human and environment friendly production system that is based on soil fertility and food safety without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides in production, aiming to re-establish the deteriorated ecological balance as a result of harmful production practices. Organic products attract the interest of consumers as they are strongly perceived as healthier products compared to conventional food. This study aimed to determine the differences in chemical, mineral, and fatty acid characteristics between conventionally and organically cultivated Ferragnes and Ferraduel almond cultivars. When conventional and organic almonds were evaluated in terms of fatty acids, proximate compositions, and minerals, crude oil and Mg were statistically insignificant, while Cu was significant (P < 0.05) and all others were quite significant (P < 0.001). Total sugar was higher in organic samples compared to conventional samples in both cultivars. The crude oil and linoleic acid (12.93% for Ferragnes and 14.99% for Ferraduel) were higher in conventional samples but oleic acid (78.9% for Ferragnes and 81.08% for Ferraduel) was higher in organic samples. In addition, organic samples contained higher Mg and Fe but lower P, K, Ca, Na, Zn, Mn and Cu when compared with conventional samples. The results indicate that conventionally cultivated almonds present higher mineral content and lower fatty acid value compared to organically cultivated almonds.Öğe Trace element analysis of some medicinal and aromatic plant taxa by ICP-MS(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2023) İzol, Ebubekir; Çiçek, İsa; Behçet, Lütfi; Kaya, Enes; Tarhan, AbbasIn this study, analysis of trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, Pb) in medicinally important taxa, such as Alkanna trichophila Hub.-Mor. var. trichophila, Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea (Boraginaceae), Achillea biebersteinii Afan., Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Sprengel (Asteraceae), Ajuga vestita Boiss. (Endemic), Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae), collected in Çermik district of Türkiye’s Diyarbakır province, was conducted quantitatively and qualitatively using the ICP-MS technique. Today, ICP-MS technology is one of the most sensitive metal analysis methods. As a result of the analysis, Sn, Hg, and Pb elements in the studied plant taxa could not be determined since they were below the LOD value. It is essential for consumers that these three toxic elements are not specified in plant species. In general, it was determined that the concentrations of heavy metals, which have harmful effects on health, were low in the investigated plants. Of all the elements, Al (26.04- 193.5 mg/kg) had the highest concentration in the studied taxa. As a consequence, several trace elements were characterized, and their concentrations were identified in the studied medicinal and aromatic six ethnobotanically important plant species.Öğe The uprisal of a lost endemic edible species, Micromeria cymuligera: Comprehensive elucidation of its biological activities and phytochemical composition(Elsevier Ltd., 2024) Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Çakır, Oğuz; Zengin, Gökhan; İzol, Ebubekir; Behçet, Lütfi̇Bioactive plant species are gaining scientific importance daily. New natural goods with added value are encouraged by the link between health, modern and traditional lifestyles. For about 145 years, Micromeria cymuligera, a Turkish endemic, was presumed extinct. For years, no specimen of this medicinal and fragrant species has been found in the region, but rich populations have lately been found in Bingöl province, Turkey. Like other Micromeria species, M. cymuligera has been used in tea and cooking due to its powerful bioactivities and scent. This is the first study to look at the complete quantification of bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibitory evaluation of the long-thought-to-be-extinct M. cymuligera species. Using a previously established and validated LC-MS/MS methodology, this study aimed to screen the bioactive phytochemicals of M. cymuligera and assess its diverse antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties. The EtOH extract of the species had substantial concentrations of rosmarinic acid (13.05 mg/g extract), quinic acid (4.57 mg/g extract), chlorogenic acid (2.34 mg/g extract), and cynaroside (2.37 mg/g extract), according to LC-MS/MS data. Furthermore, it was shown that the species had relatively high total phenolic-flavonoid contents (40.94 ± 0.38 mgGAEs/g extract and 5.13 ± 0.29 mgREs/g extract, respectively). The extract shown noteworthy activity (82.00 ± 0.74, 126.23 ± 3.43, 48.33 ± 1.36, and 35.89 ± 0.44 mgTEs/g extract in FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS, and DPPH respectively) in all antioxidant assays when the bioactivity experiments on M. cymuligera were considered. Furthermore, of all the enzyme inhibitory tests (tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, BChE, and AChE), the species demonstrated outstanding inhibitory action against tyrosinase (70.80 ± 1.34 mgKAE/g extract).
