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Öğe Bazı Fiğ Kuruotları ve Botanik Fraksiyonlarının Yem Değerlerinin Naylon Torba Tekniği ile Belirlenmesi(Ege Zootekni Derneği, 2018) Özelçam, Hülya; İpçak, Hasan Hüseyin; Özüretmen, SemaAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, bazı fiğ kuru otları ile botanik fraksiyonlarının yem değerlerinin in situ naylon torba tekniği ile belirlenmesidir. Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmada, %25 çiçeklenmede hasat edilen 2 adi fiğ (Vicia sativa), 2 tüylü fiğ (V. villosa) ve 1 macar fiği (V. pannonica) olmak üzere toplam 5 çeşit fiğ kuru otu ile bunların yaprak ve sapları kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle yemlerin naylon torba tekniği yardımıyla ruminal KM parçalanabilirlikleri elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra KM parçalanabilirlikleri ile Neway programından yararlanılarak ruminal parçalanma karakteristikleri hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca yemlerin dekara KM ve HP verimlerinden yararlanılarak, in situ parçalanabilirlik verimleri de saptanmıştır. Bulgular: Fiğ çeşitlerinin, sap fraksiyonu hariç, KM ve HP içerikleri benzerdi (P>0.05). Sap fraksiyonu için en yüksek HP değeri (%11.38) EB-82 çeşidinde saptandı (P<0.05). Çeşitlerin in situ KM parçalanabilirlikleri farklı değildi, ancak çeşitlerin yaprak ve sap fraksiyonları arasında önemli düzeyde farklar vardı. Çeşitlerin dekara KM ve HP verimleri farklıydı ve en yüksek değerler (sırasıyla 291.67 kg ve 66.7 kg) E-82 çeşidinde saptandı (P<0.05). Ayrıca dekara ruminal parçalanabilirlik (48 h ve a+b) verimleri bakımından da en yüksek değerler (sırasıyla 250.48 kg ve 252.87 kg) yine E-82 çeşidinden elde edildi (P<0.05). Sonuç: Dekara KM ve HP verimi ile ruminal parçalanabilirlik verimleri bakımından en iyi değerler Efes-82 çeşidinden elde edilmiş, bunu Ege Beyazı-82 çeşidi izlemiştir. Dolayısıyla diğer çeşitlere kıyasla Efes-82 tüylü fiğ ile Ege Beyazı-82 macar fiğ çeşitlerinin üretimi, hem ekonomi hem de hayvan besleme açısından karlı olacaktır.Öğe Dietary encapsulated fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil supplementation improves performance, modifies the intestinal microflora, morphology, and transcriptome profile of broiler chickens(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2024) İpçak, Hasan Hüseyin; Alçiçek, Ahmet; Denli, MuzafferGlobal antimicrobial resistance has led to a ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry farming, encouraging the use of natural phytogenic feed additives that provide similar effects to AGPs without causing resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the addition of encapsulated fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil (FEO) into the diets on the performance, intestinal microflora, morphology, and transcriptomic profiling of broiler chickens. In the study, 400 one-d-old male chicks of the Ross-308 genotype were randomly distributed into five groups, each with 16 replicates of five birds. The experiment included a control group fed on basal diets without the addition of FEO and treatment groups supplemented with 50 (FEO50), 100 (FEO100), 200 (FEO200), or 400 (FEO400) mg of encapsulated FEO/kg. Body weight and the European Production Efficiency Factor values were higher in the FEO100, FEO200, and FEO400 groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio significantly improved at all FEO levels (P < 0.05). FEO supplementation improved duodenum, jejunum, and ileum morphologies. It enhanced mucosal layer thickness in the duodenum and jejunum, and muscular layer thickness in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). It also increased the number of Lactobacillus spp. in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). According to the transcriptome profile obtained from the microarray analysis of samples taken from small intestine tissues, the mRNA expression levels of 261 genes in the FEO50 group (206 upregulated and 55 downregulated), 302 genes in the FEO100 group (218 upregulated and 84 downregulated), 292 genes in the FEO200 group (231 upregulated and 61 downregulated), and 348 genes in the FEO400 group (268 upregulated and 80 downregulated) changed compared to the control group. Most upregulated genes were associated with catalytic activity, binding, transcription regulators and transcription factors, anatomical structure and cellular development, and protein binding activity modulators. The downregulated genes mostly belonged to the transporter, carrier, and protein-modifying enzyme classes. Besides, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene (4.41-fold) increased significantly in the FEO100 group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, FEO improved the performance of broiler chickens by regulating biological processes such as performance and intestinal health, with the 100 mg FEO/kg supplementation being the most prominent.Öğe Effects of oregano essential oil and capsicum extract supplementation on slaughter characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of lambs(South African Journal for Animal Sciences, 2022) Unlu, Hayrullah Bora; İpçak, Hasan Hüseyin; Kandemir, ÇağrıThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oregano essential oil (OEO) and capsicum oleoresin extract (CAO) supplementation on lamb slaughter characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition. In the study, 18 male and 18 female lambs were divided into three equal groups for a 56-day feeding period. The first group was fed the control diet, while the other groups were fed a control diet containing either 300 mg OEO/kg or 300 mg CAO/kg of diet. Feeding OEO or CAO had no effect on the slaughter and carcass quality of the fattening lambs. However, when compared to the female lambs, the male lambs were found to have higher slaughter weights, hot and cold carcass weights, and dressing percentage, while having lower back fat thickness. In addition, OEO substantially increased the intramuscular fat. Dry matter, protein, pH24, meat colour (L*, a*, and b*), drip loss, and cooking loss were not affected by dietary treatment or sex. The addition of OEO or CAO to the diets did not change the meat lipid oxidation or sensory quality characteristics at different storage times. However, meat from the female lambs was found to have thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values lower than that of the meat from the male lambs after 2 d and 4 d of storage. However, the female lamb meat was more preferred in terms of flavour and general acceptance. The ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA, ΣUFA, Σn-6, Σn-3, and Σn-6/Σn-3 contents of the lamb meat were not affected by the dietary treatment. As a result, the inclusion of 300 mg of oregano essential oil/kg of DM in lamb diets is considered appropriate because of its significant contributions to the fat composition of lamb meat.Öğe Effects of whey powder on fermentation quality, nutritive value, and digestibility of alfalfa silage(Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish, 2022) Özüretmen, Sema; Özelçam, Hülya; İpçak, Hasan HüseyinThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of whey powder (WP) on the fermentation quality, nutritive value, and digestibility of ensiled alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa treated with different doses of WP (0, 2, and 4% fresh matter silage) was ensiled in plastic drums for 60 days. The results of the study revealed that the physicochemical composition and fermentation quality of the alfalfa silage improved and that mold growth was inhibited in the groups treated with 2 and 4% WP in comparison to that in the control. Production of CO2 (day 7) was much lower in silages treated with 2 and 4% WP (3.77 and 1.85 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively) than in the control group (21.36 g/kg DM). In addition, in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) was much higher in the group treated with 4% WP (76.45%) than in the control one (55.82%). In this treatment group, all apparent digestibility of coefficients in vivo from crude nutrient contents and cell wall fractions significantly increased and hence raised the net lactation energy value from 1.18 to 1.31 Mcal/kg DM. However, although the in vitro DMD was higher in the silages treated with WP than in the control one and the dose was significant, there was no strong correlation between in vivo and in vitro values. According to our results, WP could provide an advantage for the conservation of alfalfa silage. In addition, WP could be evaluated as a sustainable silage additive.Öğe Etlik Piliç Yemlerine Kapsüle Edilmiş Rezene Tohumu (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Uçucu Yağı İlavesinin Performans ile Bağırsak Mikroflorası, Morfolojisi ve Transkriptomik Profillemesi Üzerine Etkileri(2021) Alçiçek, Ahmet; Denli, Muzaffer; İpçak, Hasan HüseyinBu çalısma, kapsüle edilmis rezene tohumu (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) uçucu yagı?nın (RUY) karma yemlere ilavesinin, etlik piliçlerin büyüme performansı ile ince bagırsak mikroflorası ve morfolojisi üzerindeki etkinligini ortaya koymak ve bu biyolojik süreçlerdeki genetik ve moleküler mekanizmaları nutrigenomik teknolojileri kullanarak ince bagırsak transkriptomik profillemesi üzerinden incelemek amacıyla gerçeklestirilmistir. Arastırmada toplam 400 adet 1 günlük yastaki Ross-308 genotipindeki erkek civcivler her grupta 16 tekerrür olacak sekilde 5 gruba tesadüfi olarak dagıtılmıstır. Deneme, hiçbir yem katkı maddesi içermeyen standart yemle beslenen kontrol grubu ve her 1 kg standart yeme 50 mg (RUY50), 100 mg (RUY100), 200 mg (RUY200) veya 400 mg (RUY400) kapsüle edilmis RUY ilavesiyle beslenen etlik piliç gruplarından olusmustur. Elde edilen performans parametreleri degerlendirildiginde canlı agırlıklar (CA) ve Avrupa üretim etkinlik faktörü (EPEF) degerlerinin RUY50 grubunda artma egiliminde oldugu, RUY100, RUY200 ve RUY400 gruplarında ise benzer ve kontrol grubuna kıyasla önemli derecede arttıgı saptanmıstır. Canlı agırlık kazancının (CAK) RUY düzey artısına paralel olarak arttıgı ve en yüksek RUY400 grubunda görüldügü tespit edilmistir . Yem tüketiminin (YT) ise RUY düzey artısından etkilenmedigi, yemden yararlanma oranının (YYO) da kontrol grubuna kıyasla tüm RUY düzeylerinde iyilestigi, ancak RUY ilaveli gruplar arasında fark olmadıgı saptanmıstır. RUY un ölüm oranını ise rakamsal olarak azalttıgı görülmüstür. RUY düzey artısının sıcak karkas randımanını ve gögüs kası agırlıgını artırdıgı bulunmustur. Özellikle de RUY100, RUY200 ve RUY400 gruplarında abdominal yag, karaciger, bursa fabricius ve total ince bagırsak agırlıkları önemli derecede artmıstır. RUY un duodenum, jejunum ve ileum morfolojisini iyilestirdigi, duodenum ve jejunumdaki mukozal tabaka ile, jejunum ve ileumdaki musküler tabaka kalınlıgını artırdıgı saptanmıstır. Ayrıca jejunum ve ileumdaki patojen mikroorganizmaları baskılayarak Lactobacillius spp. popülasyonunun artmasını saglamıstır. Ince bagırsak dokularından alınan örneklerde yapılan mikroarray analizi sonucu elde edilen transkriptom profilinde ise kontrol grubuna kıyasla, RUY50 grubunda 261 genin (206 upregüle, 55 downregüle), RUY100 grubunda 302 genin (218 upregüle 84 downregüle), RUY200 grubunda 292 genin (231 upregüle, 61 downregüle) ve RUY400 grubunda 348 genin (268 upregüle, 80 downregüle) mRNA ekspresyon seviyelerinin degistigi saptanmıstır. Upregüle genlerin büyük çogunlugunun katalitik aktivite, baglayıcı/binding, transkripsiyon regülatör ve transkripsiyon faktör, anatomik yapı ve hücresel gelisim ile protein baglanma aktivite düzenleyicisiyle iliskili oldugu tespit edilmistir. Downregüle genler ise çogunlukla tasıyıcı ve protein modifiye edici enzim sınıflarında yer almıstır. Mikroarray analizinin validasyonu için seçilen genlerin qRT-PCR ile analizi sonucunda da kontrol grubuna kıyasla RUY100 grubunda anti-inflamatuar IL-10 geni (4.41 kat) önemli derecede artmıs, proapoptotik BAK1 geni ise (-1.23 kat) azaltmıstır. Sonuç olarak, özellikle 100, 200 veya en çok 400 mg/kg düzeylerindeki rezene tohumu uçucu yagı ilavesinin etlik piliçler üzerinde olumlu etkileri gözlenmistir. Ancak yem katkı maddelerinin kanatlı endüstrisi tarafından kabulü büyük ölçüde yem girdi maliyetlerine baglı oldugundan, maliyet etkinligi açısından 100 mg/kg rezene tohumu uçucu yag düzeyi önerilebilir.Öğe Fattening performance, carcass traits, and profitability of Aberdeen Angus and Holstein Friesian bulls in Turkey(South African Journal for Animal Sciences, 2021) Ünlü, H. Bora; İpçak, Hasan HüseyinThe aim of this study was to compare Aberdeen Angus (AA) and Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls in Turkey based on fattening performance, carcass properties, and production costs. In the trial, 105 AA and 105 HF 10-to 12-month-old bulls with a mean initial bodyweight (IBW) of 302 kg were used. The bulls were distributed into 14 paddocks in groups of 15 based on their IBW at an open-shed facility in İzmir. The bulls were fed different rations for the grower and finisher periods for 90 days each, but otherwise were kept under similar conditions. At the end of the finishing period, the animals were slaughtered and carcass characteristics, organ weights, quality of meat, and meat production costs were evaluated. In terms of fattening performance, the AA bulls were superior to the HF bulls. The ultimate pH of the Longissimus dorsi in the AA bulls was lower than in the HF bulls and the sensory characteristics of the AA bulls were higher. Production costs were higher for the AA bulls, but so too were income over feed costs (IOFC), making the AA bulls more profitable. Thus, it might be concluded that beef breed bulls that mature quickly, such as AA, are more advantageous for meat production in Turkey than HF bulls, which are a by-product of the dairy industry.Öğe Feed value of dried and ensiled paulownia (Paulownia spp.) leaves and their relationship to rumen fermentation, in vitro digestibility, and gas production characteristics(Universidade Federal Vicosa, 2021) Özelçam, Hülya; İpçak, Hasan Hüseyin; Özüretmen, Sema; Canbolat, ÖnderThe study aimed to evaluate the potential use of dried or ensiled paulownia (Paulownia spp.) leaves as roughage source for ruminants. Paulownia tree leaves were collected from one-year-old hybrid (C-125, CAR, and TF-33 clones) trees. Dried paulownia leaves of the clones were different in dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NfE) and similar in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL); however, these values (except EE and ADL) of ensiled leaves were significantly different among the clones. Mean CP, CA, and condensed tannin contents in dried leaves were 15.36, 9.21, and 1.75%, respectively; NDF, ADF, and ADL contents were 38.35, 35.49, and 12.08%, respectively. Mean total volatile fatty acids, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) value in dried leaves were 95.26 mmol/L, 76.34%, and 10.77 MJ/kg, respectively, whereas, CO2 and CH4 production were 54.66 and 29.78 mmol/L, respectively. Buffering capacity and water-soluble carbohydrates varied among the pre-ensiled paulownia leaves, although their means were 395.66 mEq/kg DM and 86.63 g/kg DM, respectively. In ensiled leaves, the pH, lactic acid ratio, and acetic acid ratio were 4.98, 11.23, and 2.56%, respectively, and butyric acid was not detected in any of the silages. Mean values of IVOMD and ME in ensiled leaves were 72.30% and 9.93 MJ/kg, respectively. Dried paulownia leaves are a high-quality alternative forage and the ensiled form is of medium quality. Therefore, paulownia leaves could be used as an alternative roughage source for ruminants.Öğe Jumbo brown and golden Italian Japanese quail: A comparative examination of egg quality, egg yolk lipid peroxidation and fatty acid profiles(Hasan ÖNDER, 2023) Gül, Enfal Öncü; İpçak, Hasan HüseyinThis study was conducted to compare two different Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) breed lines in terms of egg quality, egg yolk lipid peroxidation, and fatty acid profiles. The research was carried out with Jumbo Brown (Jumbo Brown Coturnix japonica) and Golden Italian (Golden Italian Coturnix japonica) Japanese quail breed lines with dark brown and golden yellow plumage colors at an average body weight of 200±10 g and 10 weeks of age. The experimental groups consisted of Jumbo Brown Japanese quail breed and Golden Italian Japanese quail breed, each containing 80 Japanese quails fed a standard quail diet. Each group was divided into 20 subgroups, with 4 quails housed in each subgroup. The study lasted for 10 weeks (11–20 weeks) according to the randomized plot experimental design. The egg quality data were recorded over an overall period, divided into two periods of 5 weeks each: period 1 (11 to 15 weeks) and period 2 (16 to 20 weeks). Egg and eggshell weights of the Golden Italian breeds were higher in the overall period (P<0.05). The eggshell proportion increased only in the 2nd period in the Golden Italian breed (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between the breed lines in terms of egg-specific gravity, egg shape index, eggshell thickness, albumen index, yolk index, Haugh unit, and egg yolk color (L, a, b) values (P>0.05). However, the egg yolk of the Jumbo Brown breed had a higher crude protein content (P<0.05). No difference was observed in yolk malondialdehyde values between breeds in fresh and stored eggs (P>0.05). Moreover, the egg yolk ΣPUFA/ΣSFA ratio, ΣPUFA, and Σn-6 values were higher in the Jumbo Brown breed than in the Golden Italian breed (P<0.05). In conclusion, Jumbo Brown breed eggs may be an alternative to traditionally consumed chicken eggs because of their high yolk crude protein content and favorable fatty acid profile.Öğe Karmaya ilave edilen kekik uçucu yağı veya acı biber ekstraktının kuzu etlerinde oksidatif duruma etkisi(Ege Zootekni Derneği, 2021) Ünlü, H. Bora; İpçak, Hasan Hüseyin; Kandemir, Çağrı; Öğüt, Serdal; Bayraktar, Özer HakanAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı kekik uçucu yağı (Oregano Onites L.) ve acı biber ekstraktı (Capsicum Oleoresin) ilavesinin, sütten kesilmiş Menemen ırkı kuzuların antioksidan durumu üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Materyal ve Metot: Sekiz haftalık yaşta, sütten kesilmiş toplam 36 adet Menemen ırkı kuzu, her grupta 6 dişi, 6 erkek olacak şekilde kontrol, kekik ve biber olmak üzere rastgele üç farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Deneme boyunca tüm grupların taze suya ve yeme ad-libitum erişimi sağlanmış ve 56 gün süresince kuzular benzer kuzu büyütme yemi ile beslenmiştir. Kontrol grubundan farklı olarak kekik ve biber gruplarının yemlerine 300 mg/kg düzeyinde kekik uçucu yağı veya acı biber ekstraktı ilave edilmiştir. Deneme sonunda her gruptan 6 dişi ve 6 erkek kuzu ticari bir kesimhanede kesilerek analizlerde kullanılmak üzere karkasların her birinin sol yarısındaki longissimus dorsi kasından 2.5 cm kalınlığında doku örnekleri alınmıştır. Bulgular: Kontrol grubunun malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyinin muamele gruplarına göre daha yüksek, glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) düzeyinin ise daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır (P<0.05). Araştırma sonunda kontrol, kekik ve biber gruplarının oksidatif stres endeksleri (OSI) anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmış (P<0.05), deneme gruplarının OSI değerleri sırasıyla 0.698, 0.566 ve 0.494 AU olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç: Yeme kekik uçucu yağı veya acı biber ekstraktı ilavesi kuzularda toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS) ve OSI değerlerini azaltmış, toplam antioksidan seviyesini (TAS) ise önemli düzeyde yükseltmiştir (P<0.05). Deneme sonuçları her iki antioksidanında kuzularda oksidatif stresi önleme potansiyelinin olduğunu ancak, acı biber ekstraktının antioksidan kapasitesinin, aynı miktardaki kekik uçucu yağından daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.Öğe Supplementing Broiler Quail Diets with Dried Egg Yolk under Heat Stress Conditions(2024) Irmak, Mehmet; Denli, Muzaffer; Kayri, Veysi; İpçak, Hasan Hüseyin; Oduncu, Ferhat Mazlum; Aldemir, EzgiThis study was conducted to investigate the impact of incorporating dried egg yolk into the diet on the growth performance, carcass quality characteristics, and thigh-breast malondialdehyde value of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) subjected to heat stress. A total of 160 quails, 10 days old, were divided into four groups, each comprising 10 replicates with four chicks in each group. Throughout the experiment, the quails were provided with isonitrogenic and isocaloric feeds. The experimental groups were as follows: 1) Basic ration without temperature application (Control); 2) Basic ration with 1% added egg yolk, without temperature application; 3) Basic ration with temperature treatment (30 °C for 8 hours per day); and 4) Basic ration with 1% added egg yolk, along with temperature treatment (30 °C for 8 hours per day). At the end of the experiment, the highest body weight gain occurred in male and female quails which fed the diets incorporated with dried egg yolk and not exposed to heat (P<0.05). The males and females that were exposed to heat and fed with the basic ration showed the lowest feed intake, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference observed in the malondialdehyde (MDA) values of thigh meat on days 3 and 9, as well as in breast meat on days 3, 6, and 9 (P>0.05). However, a significant change in thigh malondialdehyde value was detected on day 6 (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of dried egg yolk to the diets of quails exposed to heat stress diminished the negative effects of heat stress on growth performance.Öğe Whey powder supplementation changes chemical composition, improves fermentation quality, increases the utilization of nutrients and net energy lactation value of alfalfa haylage in kıvırcık rams(Turkish Science and Technology Publishing, 2022) İpçak, Hasan Hüseyin; Özüretmen, Sema; Özelçam, HülyaThe aim of this study was to reveal the effect of whey powder (WP) supplementation on chemical composition, silage fermentation, in vivo digestibility and net energy lactation (NEL) value of high dry matter (DM) alfalfa silage (Haylage). Alfalfa treated with different doses WP (0, 2, and 4%) were ensiled in plastic cans for 60 days. Nine Kıvırcık rams were used to estimated digestibilities of haylages in 3×3 Latin Square design with fifteen days experimental period. According to the results, the addition of WP significantly increased the DM of alfalfa haylage compared to the control whereas decreased ether extract, crude protein and crude ash. But, cell wall fraction rates of all groups were similar. Relative feed value and physical characteristics other than color improved in WP supplemented groups, and lactic acid rates increased in these groups. In terms of silo acids, the best values were found in the group with 4% WP. On the other hand, the addition of WP increased the organic matter digestibility of haylages, however the effect on other in vivo digestibility of crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract and neutral detergent fiber was insignificant. Moreover, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and NEL values of haylages were found to be improved with the addition of WP. As a result, it was concluded that in order to obtain quality haylage in the ensiling of high DM and long chopped alfalfa, WP generally can be used as an alternative source of carbohydrates and a 4% whey powder dose can be recommended in the production of haylage especially in the sense of improving silage fermentation.
