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Öğe AN ASSESSMENT OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT IN SOME IRRIGATION DISTRICTS IN A SEMI-ARID REGION OF TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2015) Tari, Ali Fuat; Cetin, Oner; Yolcu, Ramazan; Bogdanets, VyacheslavThis study was carried out to assess runoff and mass sediment (soil losses) from 3 irrigation districts in the southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey in 2005 and 2006. The total irrigating area was 3582 ha, 10044 ha, and 4758 ha for Cinar-Goksu, Devegecidi, and Kralkizi Districts, respectively. The numbers of samples in the irrigation districts for measurement of runoff and sediment ranged from 2 to 9 depending on the exit of these districts. A volumetric cup was used for discharge of runoff based on time. To estimate sediment in the runoff, water samples were collected using a 1-liter bottle. The total soil loss was estimated using the amount of soil mass lost with runoff per second and per liter. Runoff and mass sediment losses from these irrigation districts ranged from 28.0-42.4% and 98.4-4503.6 tons for one irrigation season, respectively. The reasons for excess runoff and mass sediment might be attributed to excessive flooding of lands and inappropriate irrigation methods. These runoff and soil losses are not acceptable for sustainable irrigation and environmental pollution, and these losses were affected by size of irrigation districts, land slopes, crop pattern, irrigation methods, amount of irrigation water applied, and climatic conditions.Öğe EVALUATION OF DEVEGECIDI IRRIGATION SCHEME ON THE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION OF TURKEY(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2013) Uzen, Nese; Yolcu, Ramazan; Cetin, OnerSome of the irrigation schemes in Turkey have three main problems in terms of irrigation management and operation. These are (a) inequality on water distribution to the farmers, (b) no obtaining the appropriate benefits from the irrigation projects or irrigation schemes since the inadequacy on irrigation management and (c) insufficient on maintenance of the irrigation schemes. The irrigation schemes in Turkey were operated by the government sector (DSI, State Hydraulic Works) up to 1994. After then, DSI has transferred the irrigation schemes to the Water User Associations (WUA). Devegecidi Irrigation Scheme located in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey receives irrigation water from Devegecidi Dam. Total project area is 10044 ha however 6900 ha of this area is planned to irrigate. On the other hand, although cotton was planned as 13%, the realized rate of cotton area was ranged from 12% through 97% according to the years. The mainly cultivated crops are cotton, cereals and vegetables. The capacity of the main conveyor canal is 9 m(3)/s. The practically irrigated area was ranged from 4250 ha through 5800 ha depending on years. Some farmers do not irrigate the fields because of fallow and the lack of maintenance on irrigation schemes. Some farmers can not get the water because the fields are the far to the irrigation schemes or water can not be reached to the end of the scheme. In addition the over irrigation is another problem. The irrigation methods are border (75 %), furrow (17%) and sprinkler irrigation (8%). Although the water which is flowed to the scheme is measured, it is not measured at the distribution points in the fields. Approximately 31% of the total water are surface runoff. The main problems in the irrigation scheme are inappropriate institutionalization, no measuring water and no applying the penalties to the farmers. All these cause over irrigation and lower irrigation performances. In this article, the main problems on irrigation management and operation are discussed and some critical solutions are also presented.Öğe İkinci Ürün Silajlık Mısırda Maksimum Net Geliri Sağlayan Sulama ve Azot Fertigasyon Stratejileri(2016) Yolcu, Ramazan; Üzen, Neşe; Çetin, ÖnerBu çalışmada, ikinci ürün silajlık mısırda, farklı sulama ve azot fertigasyonu uygulamalarının birim alandave birim sulama suyundaki net gelire sulama suyu üretkenliği) etkisini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma,2011 ve 2012 yıllarında Diyarbakır ilinde yapılmıştır. Deneme tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parsellerdeneme deseninde yürütülmüştür. Denemede, ana konuları 5 günlük açık su yüzeyi buharlaşmasındanelde edilen buharlaşma miktarına göre farklı sulama suyu düzeyleri (I1:0,50, I2:0,75, I3:1,00 ve I4:1,25);alt konuları ise fertigasyonda azotlu gübrenin farklı uygulama sıklığı (N1:azotlu gübrenin % 20'si ekimde,% 40'ı bitki 6-7 yapraklı olduğu dönemde diğer %40'ı ise tepe püskülü döneminden önce; N2: azotlugübrenin % 20'si ekimde, % 80'i her iki sulamada (10 günde bir) bir eşit dozda tepe püskülü döneminekadar; N3:azotlu gübrenin % 20'si ekimde % 80'i her sulamada (5 günde bir) eşit dozda tepe püskülüdönemine kadar) oluşturmuştur. Sonuçlara göre, her iki yılda da uygulanan sulama suyu ve azotfertigasyon sıklığı arttıkça verim de artmıştır. Optimum koşullara göre, pan buharlaşmasının 1,0 katı olansulama suyunun (447 mm) her 5 günde bir uygulanması önerilmiş ve bu uygulamada silajlık yeşil otverimi 87,9 t ha-1olmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre, en uygun veya maksimum sulama suyu kullanım etkinliği(SSKE) veya sulama suyu üretkenliği 19,6 kg da-1m-3, birim alandan elde edilen net gelir 305,4 TL da-1ve birim hacim sulama suyuna karşılık elde edilen net gelir ise 1,78 TL m-3olarak elde edilmiştirÖğe Nitrogen fertigation to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crude protein on silage corn(Society of Field Crops Science, 2015) Yolcu, Ramazan; Çetin, ÖnerThis study investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertigation frequency and different amounts of irrigation water on drip-irrigated silage corn. Experiments were conducted in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey in 2011 and 2012. A split-plot experimental design was applied. The main plots contained four different rates of evaporation from Class A pan (Ep): I1, 50 %, I2, 75 %, I3, 100 %, and I4, 125 %. Sub-plots were designed with different frequencies of N fertigation as follows: N1: application of two-fifths of the total N when the plant height became about 50-60 cm, and the last two-fifths of it when the plants entered the stage of tasseling, N2: application of N applied at each 2 irrigation cycles for 10 days, and N3: application of N applied at each irrigation cycle for 5 days. One-fifth of the total N was applied to the soil at sowing in all treatment regimes. The dry matter biomass (DM) of 30 t ha-1 and total crude protein yield of 2.0 t ha-1 were obtained with N application of equal amounts at each irrigation cycle (5 days) and irrigation water consisting of 100 % cumulative evaporation from Class A pan (Ep) for an optimum and appropriate treatment. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were 107.7 kg DM ha-1 N and 58.0 kg ha-1 mm-1 (5.8 kg m-3), respectively. The requirement of the average value of irrigation water and the optimum wetted area ratio for drip-irrigated silage corn were 447 mm and 0.65, respectively.Öğe Possibilities of using dual Kc approach in predicting crop evapotranspiration of second-crop silage maize(Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018) Üzen, Neşe; Çetin, Öner; Yolcu, RamazanThe purposes of this study were to develop a dual crop coefficient (Kc) using FAO-56 methodologies and to compare crop evapotranspiration (ETKc) measured under field conditions for second-crop silage maize in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey with the ETc estimated using FAO-56 dual Kc methodologies. For this study, field experiments were conducted in the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons, and the results were evaluated. To compute dual Kc (Kcb and Ke), all climatological data involving the seedling and harvesting dates, growth stages, water holding of soil at field capacity and at wilting point, soil evaporation layer, and crop characteristics were input into a spreadsheet program. The crop stages observed were 15, 25, 40, and 12 days for the initial, crop development, midseason, and late-season stages, respectively, in 2011, and 12, 23, 43, and 13 days, respectively, for the same stages in 2012. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was computed daily using the Penman-Monteith equation. All main and intermediate calculations for the dual Kc and its components Kcb and Ke were based on the FAO-56 guidelines. The Kcb values were computed as 0.15, 1.27, and 0.62 for the initial, midseason, and late-season stages, respectively. However, these figures were 0.15, 1.15, and 0.5 in the FAO-56 in the same order. The dual Kc was 0.64, 1.27, and 0.67 in this study for the initial, midseason, and late-season stages, respectively. The maximum ETc rate occurred in midseason, which had an average maximum value of 10.8 mm day-1. The ETc of silage maize for optimal dry matter during the growing season in the years of the study was 519 mm as the average of two growing seasons. The FAO methodology thus insignificantly overestimated the seasonal ETc (536 mm) for silage maize. Thus, the FAO-56 dual Kc methodology can be used to estimate the crop ETc.Öğe Sustainability and modernization of agricultural irrigation: A comparative assessment of two irrigation schemes(John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2023) Çetin, Öner; Fayrap, Aynur; Yolcu, RamazanIn this study, two different irrigation schemes in Turkey were evaluated. One is Devegeçidi irrigation, which was put into operation in 1972. The command area is 5800 ha, and farmers used surface irrigation. Ergani irrigation, a modern irrigation scheme using drip and/or sprinkler irrigation systems with an irrigation area of 1866 ha, was put into operation in 2021. The average total water use (TWU), irrigation efficiency (IE), water economic productivity (WEP) and net income (NI) were 11,728 m3 ha−1, 45%, $0.21 m−3 and $2354 ha−1 in the Devegecidi irrigation, respectively, and all the same criteria results were 6189 m3 ha−1, 81%, $0.78 m−3 and $4789 ha−1 in the Ergani irrigation, respectively. In addition, irrigation water productivities (IWPs) in wheat, cotton and corn for the Devegeçidi irrigation were 0.78, 0.47 and 1.21 kg m−3, while those values were 0.89, 0.89 and 2.26 kg m−3 in the Ergani irrigation scheme, respectively. The study results show that the modernization of irrigation systems is significantly important in saving irrigation water and increasing the income of farmers and water productivity. These indicators can guide decision makers in the modernization of irrigation systems.
