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    Is there a relation between dental anxiety, fear and general psychological status?
    (PeerJ Inc., 2017) Yildirim T.T.; Dundar S.; Bozoglan A.; Karaman T.; Dildes N.; Kaya F.A.; Altintas E.
    Background. Dental anxiety is a widespread problem in many populations. This problem can be a barrier to dental care and may lead to poor oral health. Dental anxiety may be related to psychological status. Aims. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of dental anxiety, dental fear, Beck Depression, and state-trait anxiety according to age, gender and education level in patients at the periodontology clinic in the Diyarbakir Mouth and Dental Health Center. Study Design. A total of 231 patients (115 males, 116 females) filled out dental fear scale (DFS), dental anxiety scale (DAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), state- trait anxiety inventory-state (STAI-S), and state-trait anxiety inventory-trait (STAI-T) questionnaires, and evaluations of DFS, DAS, BDI, STAI-S, and STAI-T were conducted according to age, gender, and education level. Results. The mean DFS, DAS, BDI, STAI-T, and STAI -S were 45.64, 9.15, 13.16, 38.90, and 40.18, respectively. There was a significant association among DFS, DAS, BDI, STAI-S, and STAI-T (p < 0.05). These surveys scores were significantly higher in females than males (p < 0.05). The results of this study indicated that gender age and education level have important effects on DFS, DAS, BDI, STAI-S, and STAI-T (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Dental anxiety and dental fear were found to be related to psychological status (BDI, STAI-S, and STAI-T) over time. There are some patients with unaddressed psychological distress. © 2017 Talo Yildirim et al.
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    TNF-?, IL-1? and IL-8 levels in tooth early levelling movement orthodontic treatment
    (2010) Kaya F.A.; Hamamci N.; Basaran G.; Dogru M.; Yildirim T.T.
    During orthodontic treatment, the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress involves several metabolic changes that allow tooth movement. The aim of the present study was to determine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), interleukin 1? (IL-1?) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels in GCF in tooth early levelling movement orthodontic treatment. Seventeen patients, 8 female and 9 male individuals (aged: 16-20 years; mean 18.2 ± 1.4 years), participated in this study. Each subject underwent a session of professional oral hygiene and received oral hygiene instructions. Three months later, a fixed orthodontic appliance was placed. The patients were seen at baseline and between 1-7 days levelling of the teeth. The concentration of TNF-?, IL-1? and IL-8 were shown in Tables 1. There were statistical differences between the observations at the 1-2 day of levelling for TNF-?, IL-1? and IL-8 (p<.05). Orthodontic forced induces rapid release of the TNF-?, 1L-1? and IL 8 levels during tooth movement in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). The results of this study support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines play a potent role in bone resorption after the application of orthodontic force in short time.