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Öğe APPLICATION TECHNIQUES OF FERTIGATION(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2013) Cetin, Oner; Uzen, Nese; Karaer, MuratAdvances in micro-irrigation techniques have facilitated greater adoption of the application of fertilizers to crops through irrigation water; the technique is termed as fertigation. Fertigation is used extensively in commercial agriculture and horticulture and is starting to be used in general landscape applications as dispenser units become more reliable and easy to use. Some irrigation systems offer the ability to use high-frequency fertigation likes drip irrigation systems. Irrigation and fertigation system design, soil type, crop stage, chemical type, fertigation time and irrigation water quality are important parameters for an appropriate fertigation. Fertilizer application techniques are also an important factor in achieving success. All techniques for incorporating a chemical with the irrigation water create a specific level of chemical concentration during irrigation. The various techniques may be classified into three main groups. These are; (i) gradual decrease of chemical concentration, (ii) constant level of chemical concentration, (iii) intermittent chemical concentration. In this article, the methods and equipments of fertigation and some research results of the fertigation frequencies on crops are presented.Öğe Effects of domestic wastewater treated by anaerobic stabilization on soil pollution, plant nutrition, and cotton crop yield(Springer, 2016) Uzen, Nese; Cetin, Oner; Unlu, MustafaThis study has aimed to determine the effects of treated wastewater on cotton yield and soil pollution in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey during 2011 and 2012. The treated wastewater was provided from the reservoir operated as anaerobic stabilization. After treatment, suspended solids (28-60 mg/l), biological oxygen demand (29-30 mg/l), and chemical oxygen demand (71-112 mg/l) decreased significantly compared to those in the wastewater. There was no heavy metal pollution in the water used. There were no significant amounts of coliform bacteria, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli compared to untreated wastewater. The cottonseed yield (31.8 g/plant) in the tanks where no commercial fertilizers were applied was considerably higher compared to the yield (17.2 g/plant) in the fertilized tanks where a common nitrogenous fertilizer was utilized. There were no significant differences between the values of soil pH. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) after the experiment increased from 0.8-1.0 to 0.9-1.8 dS/m. Heavy metal pollution did not occur in the soil and plants, because there were no heavy metals in the treated wastewater. It can be concluded that treated domestic wastewater could be used to grow in a controlled manner crops, such as cotton, that would not be used directly as human nutrients.Öğe Effects of nitrogen fertigation frequency on yield and nitrogen retention in drip-irrigated cotton(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2016) Uzen, Nese; Cetin, OnerFertigation techniques have been widely used in drip-irrigated cotton. The timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer injections then becomes a management question producers need guidance on. This study investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertigation frequency on drip-irrigated cotton. Experiments were conducted in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey in 2011 and 2012. A split-plot experimental design was applied. The main plots contained two different lateral spaces: A, one drip-line (lateral) per row; and B, one lateral for every two rows. Sub-plots were designed with different frequencies of fertigation as follows: a, the application of fixed amount of N at each irrigation cycle (5days); b, the application of fixed amount of N every two irrigation cycles (10days); and c, the application of one-fifth of the total N between the first irrigation and first flowering, two-fifths between the first flowering and formation of the first boll, and one-fifth between the formation of the first boll and last irrigation cycle. One-fifth of the total N was applied to the soil at sowing in all treatment regimens. The maximum cotton yield (4120kg ha(-1)) and highest total N content (2.57-2.94%) in the leaves were obtained with one lateral for every two rows and the application of fixed amount of N every two irrigation cycles (10days). One-fifth of the total N might be applied to the soil at sowing, and the remaining N should be applied in equal doses (an average of 7 fertigations) every two irrigation cycles (10days) by fertigation. However, further research fertigation methods for cotton, including the amount of N that needs to be applied and the use of different injection systems, is required.Öğe EVALUATION OF DEVEGECIDI IRRIGATION SCHEME ON THE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION OF TURKEY(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2013) Uzen, Nese; Yolcu, Ramazan; Cetin, OnerSome of the irrigation schemes in Turkey have three main problems in terms of irrigation management and operation. These are (a) inequality on water distribution to the farmers, (b) no obtaining the appropriate benefits from the irrigation projects or irrigation schemes since the inadequacy on irrigation management and (c) insufficient on maintenance of the irrigation schemes. The irrigation schemes in Turkey were operated by the government sector (DSI, State Hydraulic Works) up to 1994. After then, DSI has transferred the irrigation schemes to the Water User Associations (WUA). Devegecidi Irrigation Scheme located in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey receives irrigation water from Devegecidi Dam. Total project area is 10044 ha however 6900 ha of this area is planned to irrigate. On the other hand, although cotton was planned as 13%, the realized rate of cotton area was ranged from 12% through 97% according to the years. The mainly cultivated crops are cotton, cereals and vegetables. The capacity of the main conveyor canal is 9 m(3)/s. The practically irrigated area was ranged from 4250 ha through 5800 ha depending on years. Some farmers do not irrigate the fields because of fallow and the lack of maintenance on irrigation schemes. Some farmers can not get the water because the fields are the far to the irrigation schemes or water can not be reached to the end of the scheme. In addition the over irrigation is another problem. The irrigation methods are border (75 %), furrow (17%) and sprinkler irrigation (8%). Although the water which is flowed to the scheme is measured, it is not measured at the distribution points in the fields. Approximately 31% of the total water are surface runoff. The main problems in the irrigation scheme are inappropriate institutionalization, no measuring water and no applying the penalties to the farmers. All these cause over irrigation and lower irrigation performances. In this article, the main problems on irrigation management and operation are discussed and some critical solutions are also presented.Öğe EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL AND ECONOMICAL WATER USE INDICES IN TWO IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION OF TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Uzen, Nese; Cetin, OnerIn this study, some physical and economical water use indices (WUI) were evaluated and discussed in two different irrigation schemes. Data were collected from Devegecidi and P2 Irrigation Schemes in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey for two irrigation seasons, 2013 and 2014. In physical WUIs,total water use efficiency was projected as 54 % for delivering water to the irrigation schemes; those were 20.6-28.8 % and 36.9-43.1 % in Devegecidi and P2, respectively. Water supply and physical water productivity (WP) in weighted mean were 1.90-2.62, 1.26-1.46 and 0.314-0.318 kg m(-3), 0.477-0.495 kg m(-3) in Devegeicidi and P2, respectively. Water charges are based on crop type and per irrigated area in the irrigation schemes as it has been in all the other irrigation schemes in Turkey. In economical WUIs, net return per unit area were $548-570 ha(-1) and $663-790 ha(-1) in Devegecidi and P2 depending on the growing seasons, respectively. Expected irrigation economic WUI or expected net return per the gross applied volumetric water varied from $0.069 m(-3) through $0.088 m(-3). However, realized net production economic WUI or net return per the diverted volumetric water to the irrigation schemes varied from $0.033 m(-3) through $0.059 m(-3). The main problems in the irrigation schemes were lack of measuring irrigation water used in the fields, an appropriate irrigation scheduling and any sanction for the farmers used over irrigation and institutional approaches on WUAs management. The irrigation schemes must be urgently improved in terms of operation and management, and water charges based on volumetric measurement.Öğe Improving Cotton Yield, Water Use and Net Income in Different Drip Irrigation Systems Using Real-Time Crop Evapotranspiration(Hard, 2021) cetin, Oner; Uzen, Nese; Temiz, Mefhar Gultekin; Altunten, HilalThe purpose of this study was to improve irrigation water use and cotton yield using real-time crop evepotranspiration based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith and canopy cover using surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation. The experiments were conducted Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey, during 2016 and 2017. The experimental design was split-plots in randomized blocks using three replications. The main plots were surface drip irrigation (SDI), subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI-30 cm) and SSDI-40 cm. Sub-plots were three different irrigation levels based on real crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 0.75xETc, 1.00xETc and 1.25x ETc. There were significant differences (657 kg ha(-1)) between the seed cotton yield of SDI (3667 kg ha(-1)) and SSDI with a 40-cm lateral depth (4323 kg ha(-1)). Irrigation water and crop consumptive water use were 552 and 589 mm for the SSDI-40 cm recommended treatment, respectively. According to the projection using the results for cotton cultivation area in the study region, SDI and SSDI could save water about 37 and 42% compared to furrow irrigation, respectively. Net income based on unit area in SDI and SSDI was higher 20 and 69% than it in furrow irrigation, respectively. Irrigation scheduling based on real crop evapotranspiration (1.0xETc) was more appropriate for water saving and increasing water productivity (0.84 kg m(-3)). The use of drip irrigation systems (especially SSDI) is significantly important to improve cotton yield, water use and economic contribution considering possible water shortage, decreasing water resources, farmers conditions, irrigation schemes, regional and national incomes.Öğe SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES ON IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR IRRIGATED MAIN FIELD CROPS (WINTER WHEAT, COTTON, CORN) IN GAP REGION OF TURKEY(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2018) Cetin, Oner; Uzen, NeseTo get an appropriate yield and production for winter wheat, it must be irrigated. Cotton and corn must be almost irrigated in the regions grown. Amount of irrigation water of 4000-4500 m(3) ha(-1) need for optimum wheat production. More than 50% of the country's cotton production is in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and cotton need amount of irrigation water approximately 10000 m(3) ha(-1) for an appropriate production using surface irrigation methods. However, the amount of irrigation water of 5 000-6 000 m(3) ha(-1) is enough if modern irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation are used. Similarly, amount of irrigation water more than 10000 m(3) ha(-1) has been used for corn production under the surface irrigation conditions and it is possible to save nearly 40-50% of water using drip irrigation method in the same region. One of the most important ways of ensuring sustainability of irrigated agriculture is to use micro irrigation, and it may help in saving significant amount of water and increase the quality and quantity of produce. Thus, it is possible to achieve both higher water productivity and higher yield by means of drip irrigation.
