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    BIOACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM BY NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus (L.) IN THE PRESENCE OF GREEN ALGAE Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz.
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2009) Unlu, Erhan; Karadede-Akin, Hulya; Akturk, Mehmet Nuri; Yanar, Mahmut
    Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) was determined in the muscle and gill tissues of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cd (0.1 and 1.0 mg/L) under laboratory conditions for 15 and 30 days, in the absence or presence of green algae Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. Results showed that muscles, irrespective of treatments, accumulated less Cd than gills. Cd accumulation significantly increased in both the tissues in treatment groups as compared to control groups (p<0.05), except in muscle of fish exposed to 0.1 mg/L Cd for 15 days (p>0.05). Presence of green algae did not influence accumulation of Cd in muscle. But Cd accumulation was significantly reduced in gills, in the presence of green algae, in all treatments groups, except in 0.1 mg/L Cd exposure for 15 days. In the presence of green algae, the reduced Cd accumulation in gills might be due to its uptake from the medium by the algae.
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    Cadmium accumulation by green algae Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. (Chlorophyta) in presence of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Akin, Hulya Karadede; Unlu, Erhan
    Accumulation of metals by aquatic organisms is mostly affected by other biological components in environments. In this study, cadmium (Cd) accumulation in green algae, Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz., exposed to 0.1 and 1.0mg L-1 of Cd for 15 and 30days was examined in laboratory conditions in the presence of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). The green algae C. glomerata accumulated Cd concentrations as 690 +/- 70 and 3430 +/- 470mg kg(-1) on day 15, and 1130 +/- 180 and 6830 +/- 1540mg kg(-1) on day 30. There were significant increases (p < 0.05) in metal accumulation by green algae as the exposure time and metal concentration increased. The results also indicated that the presence of Nile tilapia in the medium led to a significant Cd accumulation in the green algae compared to control (p < 0.05).
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    Changes in antioxidant defense system in gills of Capoeta umbla caught from Uzuncayir Dam Lake, Turkey
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2015) Danabas, Durali; Yildirim, Nuran Cikcikoglu; Yildirim, Numan; Onal, Ayten Oztufekci; Uslu, Gulsad; Unlu, Erhan; Danabas, Seval
    The aim of this work was to determine the seasonal changes in the activities of selected biomarkers in Capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843) caught from Uzuncayir Dam Lake (Tunceli, Turkey) and to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on these activities. Fish were sampled on seasonal basis, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities and levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde in gills were determined. Significant variations of oxidative stress biomarkers were observed between seasons and sites. The results of this study show that seasonal variations of oxidative stress responses and lipid peroxidation in gills of C. umbla are sensitive to the contaminants present in water of Uzuncayir Dam Lake and selected parameters are in valuable biomarkers for monitoring of water systems, since they give an early warning signal of effects of xenobiotics on aquatic organisms at molecular levels which help to prevent their effects at organismal level. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Comparision of morphological and anatomical characters in two catfish species, Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843 and Silurus glanis L., 1758 (Siluridae, Siluriformes)
    (Univ Oradea Publ House, 2012) Unlu, Erhan; Deger, Deniz; Cicek, Tarik
    In this study, some morphological and anatomical characteristics of Silurus triostegus from Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Silurus glanis from several lakes and Rivers of Turkey were investigated. Although, S. Triostegus has two mandibular barbels, usually in the young specimens there are four mandibular barbels, sometimes 3 mandibular barbels. This situation may show that some mandibular barbels reabsorbed. Maxillary barbels of S. glanis reach to the end of the pectoral fin, but those reach to only middle of pectoral fin in S. triostegus. Also, anterior mandibular barbels of S. giants shorter than posterior ones, but when two pairs of mandibular barbels are present in the S. triostegus, the anterior ones are always longer than posterior ones. The pectoral spine, vomerine teeth band, some cranial bones such as basioccipital, supraoccipital and mesethmoid show some difference between the two species.
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    Cytokine Responses in Gills of Capoeta umbla as Biomarkers of Environmental Pollution
    (Wiley, 2016) Danabas, Durali; Yildirim, Nuran Cikcikoglu; Yildirim, Numan; Onal, Ayten Oztufekci; Uslu, Gulsad; Unlu, Erhan; Danabas, Seval
    Immunological biomarkers reflect the effects of exposure to environmental contaminants. In this study, the suitability and sensitivity of cytokine responses, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in gill tissues of Capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843), collected from different regions, as early warning indices of environmental pollution and ecosystem health was evaluated. Fish and water samples were taken from ten stations in March and September 2011 and 2012. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels were determined in samples of the gill tissues by using an ELISA kit. Significant variations of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels observed between stations and seasons. The results of this study show that seasonal variations of cytokine responses in gills of Capoeta umbla are sensitive to the contaminants present in Uzuncayir Dam Lake (Tunceli, Turkey) water and are valuable biomarkers for environmental pollution and ecosystem health.
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    Distribution of Invasive Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) in Turkey
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2014) Yerli, Sedat V.; Mangit, Fatih; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Yegen, Vedat; Uysal, Rahmi; Unlu, Erhan; Alp, Ahmet
    Introduction of a new species to a new habitat may lead to a catastrophy. Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch,1782), by its high reproduction capacity by means of gynogenesis and tolerance to environmental changes, considered as asuccessfull invasive. It can become the dominant species in new habitat in a short time with the help of these attributes. After the first spread report ofCarassius gibelio from Thrace in 80's, Carassius gibeliobecame to be a problem in inland waters of Turkey as it is in some countries of Europe. This study is a review of distribution of Carassius gibelioin Turkey. 39 stream, 33 lake, 67 reservoir and 55 pond records were presented in this study. And according to these results, only four basins (Ceyhan, GOksu,Westeni Black Sea, Eastern Black Sea and GOksu) out of 26, seems to show no distribution of Carassius gibelio
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    The effects of fenvalerate on different tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2007) Velmurugan, Babu; Selvanayagam, Mariadoss; Cengiz, Elif I.; Unlu, Erhan
    The histopathological changes of fenvalerate on the gill, kidney, liver and intestine tissues of the Cirrhinus mrigala were determined by light microscopy. The fish were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of fenvalerate (1.5-3.0 ppb). The most common gill changes at all concentrations of fenvalerate were epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial necrosis, desquamation and lamellar fusion. Besides, epithelial lifting, oedema, swelling at the tips of secondary lamellae and curling of secondary lamellae were other histopathological changes. Necrosis of tubular epithelium, pycnotic nuclei in the hematopoietic tissue, hypertrophied epithelial cells of renal tubules, narrowing of the tubular lumen, expansion of space inside the Bowman's capsule and contraction of the glomerulus were observed in kidney tissues of fish. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fish exposed to fenvalerate were characterized by congestion, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes and focal necrosis. Atrophy of epithelial cells, necrosis of epithelial cells, desquamation of mucosal epithelium and infiltration of lymphocytes into the lamina propria, were detected in intestine tissues of fish after exposure to fenvalerate.
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    The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta found in the Tigris River (Turkey)
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2012) Satar, Elif Ipek; Uysal, Ersin; Unlu, Erhan; Bashan, Mehmet; Satar, Ali
    The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta were assessed by gas chromatographic method. A total of 18 different fatty acids were determined in the composition of C. trutta. The variations in fatty acid composition of total lipid, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid were recorded throughout the seasons. The total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (M UFA) were the most important groups of total lipid. Total saturated fatty acid (SFA) and total MUFA were seen to increase from spring to summer while total PUFA decreased sharply from spring to summer. These seasons corresponded to the beginning and end of the reproduction period, respectively. The major fatty acids of total lipid in all seasons were C16:0, C18:1n-9, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3. In the present study, n-3/n-6 ratios of total lipid were 3.20, 4.11, 1.69, and 1.45 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. MUFA and PUPA were the most important groups of triacylglycerols. Of these, the main fatty acids were found to be C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-9, and C20:5n-3. PUFA were determined to be the most important group of phospholipids. The major fatty acids identified in the phospholipid group were C16:0, C18:1n-9, C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 in all seasons. In conclusion, it was shown that the fatty acid compositions in the muscle of C. trutta was significantly influenced by the seasons and that, in light of their n-3/n-6 ratios, C. trutta should be considered a desirable food in the human diet.
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    Effects of Seasonal Variations on the Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipid, Phospholipid and Triacylglicerol in the Dorsal Muscle of Mesopotamian Catfish (Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843) in Tigris River (Turkey)
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2012) Cengiz, Elif Ipek; Unlu, Erhan; Bashan, Mehmet; Satar, Ali; Uysal, Ersin
    The seasonal effects on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, triacylglicerol and phospholipid in the dorsal muscle of Silurus triostegus were determined by gas chromatographic (GC) method. The total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUPA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the most important groups of total lipid and statistically ranged (P<0.05) from 33.88% to 55.85% and from 23.37% to 38.71%, respectively. The major fatty acids of total lipid in all seasons were palmitic acid (16:0) in SFA, oleic acid (18:1) in MUFA, linoleic acid (18:2) in n-6 PUFA, and docosahexanoic acid (22:6, DHA) in n-3 PUPA. In the present study, n-3/n-6 ratios of total lipid were 2.47, 1.20, 1.03 and 1.40 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. It was determined that MUFA and PUFA were the most important groups of triacylglicerol and statistically ranged (P<0.05) from 34.09% to 47.02% and from 33.13% to 46.12%, respectively. The main fatty acids of triacylglicerol were palmitic acid in SFA, oleic acid in MUFA and linoleic acid in PUFA. PUPA was the most important group of phospholipid except summer. The total PUFA percentages of the phospholipid statistically ranged (P<0.05) from 38.12% to 65.75%. The major fatty acids identified in the phospholipid were palmitic acid in SFA, oleic acid in MUFA, arachidonic acid (20:4, AA) in n-6 PUFA and DHA in n-3 PUFA in all seasons. DHA was very high in winter (30.41%). It was shown that the fatty acid compositions in the muscle of fish were significantly influenced by seasons.
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    Fatty acid composition of total lipids in muscle tissues of nine freshwater fish from the River Tigris (Turkey)
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2010) Cengiz, Elif Ipek; Unlu, Erhan; Bashan, Mehmet
    Fatty acid compositions of total lipids in the muscle of 9 freshwater fish species were examined via gas chromatography. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were the predominant saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in all the species analyzed. The highest value of total SFA was detected in Liza abu (48.94%). Alburnus mossulensis had the greatest percentage of total MUFA (55.56%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were the most abundant PUFA in all the species analyzed. Cyprinion macrostomus had the highest percentage (72.65%) of total PUFA. The ratio of omega 3/omega 6 PUFAs ranged from 0.39 to 3.53. Chondrostoma regium, Barbus rajonorum, Carasobarbus luteus, Leuciscus lepidus, Acanthobrama marmid, C. macrostomus, and Silurus triostegus may be preferable for a healthy diet as a result of their high C20:5 omega 3 and C22:6 omega 3 content. A. mossulensis and L. abu had an w3/w6 PUFAs ratio of less than 1. They are not as good a source of omega 3 fatty acids as freshwater fish.
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    Histopathological Changes in the Gill and Liver Tissues of Freshwater Fish, Cirrhinus mrigala Exposed to Dichlorvos
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2009) Velmurugan, Babu; Selvanayagam, Mariadoss; Cengiz, Elif Ipek; Unlu, Erhan
    The histopathological effects of dichlorvos, an organophosphate pesticide, on the gill and liver tissues in Cirrhinus mrigala were determined by light microscopy. The fishes were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.91 and 1.82 ppm) of dichlorvos for 10 days with parallel untreated control. No histopathological effects were observed in control group. Hyperplasia, desquamation, and necrosis of epithelial, epithelial lifting, oedema, lamellar fusion, collapsed secondary lamellae, curling of secondary lamellae and aneurism in the secondary lamellae were observed in gill tissues exposed to dichlorvos. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fishes exposed to dichlorvos were characterized by cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, congestion, vacuolar degeneration, karyolysis, karyohexis, dilation of sinusoids and nuclear hypertrophy.
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    Histopathology of lambda-cyhalothrin on tissues (gill, kidney, liver and intestine) of Cirrhinus mrigala
    (Elsevier, 2007) Velmurugan, Babu; Selvanayagam, Mariadoss; Cengiz, Elif Ipek; Unlu, Erhan
    The histopathology of lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, on the gill, liver, intestine and kidney tissues in fish, mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), which is one of Indian major carp species were determined by light microscopy. The fish were experimentally exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.3 ppb and 0.6 ppb) of lambda-cyhalothrin for 10 days. Tissues were normal in the control group. Epithelial hyperplasia, aneurism, epithelial necrosis, desquamation, epithelial lifting, oedema, shortening of secondary lamellae and lamellar fusion were observed in gill tissues exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin. Necrosis of tubular epithelium, cloudy swelling of epithelial cells of renal tubules, narrowing of the tubular lumen, contraction of the glomerulus and expansion of space inside the Bowman's capsule were observed in the kidney tissues of fish after exposure. Hepatic lesions in fish exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin were characterized by hypertrophy of hepatocytes, cloudy degeneration, congestion, karyolysis, karyohexis, dilatation of sinusoids and focal necrosis. The intestinal lesions included infiltration of eosinophils into the lamina propria and atrophy of epithelial cells. The present study proves its toxic potential in terms of the damages induced by lambda-cyhalothrin in organ level. In natural condition lambda-cyhalothrin will be less than the present study, but continuous usage of the pesticide might lead to the concentration that was used in the experimental condition. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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    The Latest Status and Distribution of Fishes in Upper Tigris River and Two New Records for Turkish Freshwaters
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2016) Kaya, Cuneyt; Turan, Davut; Unlu, Erhan
    The fishes of the upper basin of the Tigris River have been surveyed between June 2006 and November 2015. During this survey 40 fish species were determined belonging to 10 families (Cyprinidae, Nemacheilidae, Sisoridae, Siluridae, Heteropneustidae, Bagridae, Salmonidae, Mugilidae, Poeciliidae, Mastacembelidae). One species was not fully identified and currently reported as Squalius sp. Oxynoemacheilus kurdistanicus and O. chomanicus are new records for Turkish inland waters.
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    MORPHOLOGICAL AND MERISTIC DIFFERENCES AMONG FRESHWATER FISH, CYPRINION KAIS (CYPRINIDAE) POPULATIONS IN TIGRIS RIVER OF SOUTHEAST TURKEY
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Bilici, Serbest; Baysal, Arif; Cicek, Tarik; Uysal, Ersin; Unlu, Erhan
    In this study, morphometric and meristic characteristics of Cyprinion kais samples which is obtained from different locality in Tigris River were carried out. In order to determine the morphological and meristic variation among populations, discriminant function can be detected, intergroup discrimination with the help of this function are the most distinctive variables affecting the availability of discriminant analysis, has benefited from the descriptive features. Success rate of classifying the groups according to the result of discriminant analysis of morphometric characteristics of C. kais individuals belonging to 3 different locality of Tigris River is manifested as 96.1%. According to the results of classifications, morphometric characteristics of the individuals of Kulp and Kayser Stream and Tigris River are different. Success rate of classifying the groups according to the discriminant analysis of meristic characteristics of C. kais individuals appeared as 70.6%. Kulp and Kayser Stream from the locality groups showed similarity. It is determined that there is high variation between the locality groups belonging the samples of C. kais according to the morphometric and meristic characteristics.
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    The reproductive biology of Carasobarbus luteus and Capoeta trutta in the Tigris River, Turkey
    (Soc Francaise D Ichtyologie, 2016) Bilici, Serbest; Unlu, Erhan; Cicek, Tarik; Satici, Omer
    This study was carried out to determine the reproductive characteristics of two species of Cyprinidae, Longspine scraper, Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) and Mesopotamian himri, Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel, 1843) in the Tigris River of Turkish part. A total of 307 C. luteus (138 females and 169 males) and 394 C. trutta (269 females and 125 males) specimens were analyzed. The sex ratio for C. luteus and C. trutta was 1:1.22 females (44.95%) to males (55.05%) and 1:0.47 females (68.27%) to males (31.73%), respectively. The reproduction period was between May and July for both species. The water temperature at this period was between 21.4 degrees C and 31 degrees C. Results indicated that the age at first maturity in C. luteus was three years for both males and females, and in C. trutta, three years for females and two years for males. The mean estimated fecundity was 5843 +/- 3554 for C. luteus and 5285 +/- 3105 for C. trutta. Maximal egg diameter for C. luteus and C. trutta were 1.61 +/- 0.45 mm and 0.91 +/- 0.41 mm, respectively.
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    Reproductive characteristics of an invasive species Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in Ataturk Dam Lake, Turkey
    (Central Marine Fisheries Research Inst, 2017) Parmaksiz, Arif; Oymak, Seyit Ahmet; Dogan, Necmettin; Naim, Darlina Md; Unlu, Erhan
    In this study, sex composition, spawning period, fecundity and sexual maturity of the gibel carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), an invasive species in the Ataturk Dam Lake, on Euphrates River, Turkey were studied. C. gibelio specimens were analysed from Ataturk Dam Lake and the percentage of the males and females was 45.55% and 55.45% respectively out of the 110 specimens studied, ranging between age groups I - VI. The age at first maturity was three years for both females and males. The diameter of the egg was smallest in September, with a mean of 0.62 mm, while the mean egg diameter in June was greatest, at 1.54 mm. The absolute fecundity ranged from 1054 to 22548. Reproduction of gibel carp in Ataturk Dam Lake in Turkey was characterised by a young age at first maturity and high spawning capacity that would facilitate population expansion in aquatic environments.
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    Scale deformity descriptions for 23 species of fish, from various geographical areas and habitats
    (Csiro Publishing, 2018) Jawad, Laith A.; Ibanez, Ana L.; Sadighzade, Zahra; Naslund, Joacim; Unlu, Erhan
    A renewed interest in fish scale anomalies prompted the present study, wherein we document a wide range of scale morphological abnormalities, including deformities in shape and structure, of a large number of species. In the present study, 63 cases of deformities were reported from 23 fish species collected from five countries. The abnormalities observed arc discussed within the framework of contaminated aquatic environments, with a goal of recognising the cause of abnormality. Deformed scales exhibited different shapes, showing both slight (n = 52 cases) and severe (n = 9 cases) abnormalities. The scale deformations described in the present study should help direct future work on the relationships between environmental condition and fish health.
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    SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND TISSUES OF TWO FRESHWATER FISH SPECIES (CYPRINION MACROSTOMUM AND CAPOETA TRUTTA) FROM THE BATMAN DAM (TIGRIS BASIN), TURKEY
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Kacar, Emel; Akin, Hulya Karadede; Cicek, Tarik; Unlu, Erhan
    In this study, seasonal variations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb levels in water, sediment and organs (liver, gill and muscle) of Cyprinion macrostomum and Capoeta trutta taken from Batman Dam were investigated. Generally, Fe had the highest concentrations in water, sediment and tissues of the fish among the metals that were studied. The heavy metal concentration in water was higher in the summer. Co, Ni, Cu and Zn values were below the detection limit in all seasons. In sediment, the metal concentrations were in order as follows: Fe > Mn > Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Co in. All metal concentrations in the sediments were higher than those in water and fish. Heavy metal accumulation in the sediment was higher in autumn and winter. The highest metal levels were found in the liver and the gill of Cyprinion macrostomum and Capoeta trutta, whereas, lower in the muscle tissue. The average heavy metal concentration in the muscle of Cyprinion macrostomum was higher in the spring and summer, however; was higher in autumn and winter for Capoeta trutta. The metal levels in muscle tissues of the fish were lower than the acceptable values in fish tissues.
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    Select biological characteristics of the mossul bleak Alburnus mossulensis Heckel, 1843 (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) in the Ataturk Dam Lake, Turkey
    (Central Marine Fisheries Research Inst, 2018) Parmaksiz, Arif; Oymak, Ahmet; Dogan, Necmettin; Unlu, Erhan
    Maturity, growth and reproductive characteristics of the mossul bleak Alburnus mossulensis, from Ataturk Dam Lake (Euphrates) were assessed. Maturity composition of the analysed samples varied between age groups I and VII. The ratio of females to males was 1.047:1. Fork length of the samples varied between 40-198 mm and weights were in the range of 0.45-68 g. The regression equations derived for the length-weight relationship was Log W = -5.5531+3.2958 Log FL (r2=0.9593) for females and Log W=-5.3695+3.2112 Log FL (r2=0.9487) for males. Mean condition factor was determined as 1.069 for females and 1.062 for males. Absolute fecundity was established to be between 288 and 3380. The age of sexual maturity was 3 years in females and 2 years in males.
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    SIZE AND SHAPE ANALYSIS OF TWO CLOSE CYPRINIDAE SPECIES BY GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC METHODS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Bilici, Serbest; Kaya, Alaettin; Cicek, Tarik; Unlu, Erhan
    In this study, the differences between C. macrostomus and C. kais species that are similar to each other were investigated in terms of their size (CS) and shape by landmark-based geometric morphometric methods. There was no difference in size between the two species. However, the difference was significant between them in shape. The head of C. macrostomus is longer in height while its dorsal fin is located a bit forward and caudal peduncle is wider compared to C. kais. On the other hand, the body depth of C. kais is greater and its lateral line end is shorter. Considering the geometric morphometric differences, these two species can be identified and distinguished easily.