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    Antiepileptic effects of ghrelin on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2007) Obay, Basra Deniz; Tasdemir, Ezel; Tuemer, Cemil; Bilgin, Hakki Murat; Sermet, Abdurrahman
    It is well known that neuropeptide Y (NPY) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) exert antiepileptic effects in animal models. It has recently been shown that ghrelin neurons increase the activities of GABA and NPY in the brain. Therefore it can be said that ghrelin is an antiepileptic agent. In this study we aimed to investigate the antiepileptic effect of ghrelin in an acute experimental epilepsy model in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injected rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into a control group and four experimental groups with seven rats in each group. In order to generate epileptic seizures, PTZ (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitone ally. The experimental groups received intraperitoneal injections of ghrelin at doses of 20,40, 60 and 80 mu g/kg 30 min before PTZ injection. After PTZ injection, the latencies were separated into three components: first myoclonic jerk, generalized clonic seizures and tonic generalized extension. The injection of 50 mg/kg PTZ-induced epileptic seizures in the control group. The onset-times of the three characteristic behavioral changes were significantly delayed and the duration of tonic generalized extension was diminished by dose-dependent ghrelin administration. Our results demonstrated that ghrelin suppresses the onset time of PTZ-induced seizures. In the light of our current knowledge, it seems that ghrelin may be considered as an antiepileptic drug. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Dose dependent effects of ghrelin on pentylenetetrazole-induced oxidative stress in a rat seizure model
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2008) Obay, Basra Deniz; Tasdemir, Ezel; Tuemer, Cemil; Bilgin, Hakki Murat; Atmaca, Mukadder
    It has been suggested that free oxygen radicals play a role in the genesis of epilepsy and in post-seizure neuronal death. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose dependent effect of ghrelin on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced oxidative stress in a rat seizure model. For this purpose, the ghrelin groups were treated with intraperitoneal injections of ghrelin at doses of 20, 40, 60 and 80 [mu g/kg before the PTZ injection. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels were measured in erythrocytes, liver and brain tissue. TBARS, the indicator of lipid peroxidation, was significantly increased in erythrocytes, liver and brain tissue, while antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione levels were significantly decreased in PTZ injected rats. Ghrelin pretreatment prevented lipid peroxidation and the reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH levels against PTZ-induced oxidative stress in a dose dependent manner. The present data indicates that PTZ at a convulsive dose induces an oxidative stress response by depleting the antioxidant defense systems and increasing lipid peroxidation in the erythrocytes, liver and brain of rats. Ghrelin pretreatment diminished oxidative stress and prevented the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, and thus may reduce neuronal death in the brain during seizures. However, further studies are needed in order to confirm our hypothesis. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.