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    A Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol with an Objective Approach
    (2024) Atabey, Sertaç; Toprak, Zeynel Fuat
    The Kyoto Protocol, established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, one of the human-induced causes of climate change, imposes obligations on developed countries. In this study: 1) what obligations the articles of the Kyoto Protocol impose on the countries that are party to the protocol, 2) whether the articles of the protocol are impartial, equal, and fair in their obligations to the contracting countries and their binding, 3) how the economic support of developed countries to reduce emissions to developing countries can be evaluated in the context of the principle of equality/justice, 4) it has been discussed whether the non-bindingness of the countries those are not party to the protocol. Considering all protocol items, the discussion was made from a critical but constructive point of view. It can be said that the obligations arising from the Kyoto Protocol bring disadvantages for some countries compared to others.
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    Flow discharge modeling in open canals using a new fuzzy modeling technique (SMRGT)
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) Toprak, Zeynel Fuat
    The main goal of this study was to research the answer to two important questions in flow modeling; i) how to optimally design the cross-section of an open channel for a given flow, and ii) in the case of selecting the fuzzy method for modeling, how to construct the membership functions (MFs) and fuzzy rules (FRs) such that the system yields the best results. The first question is answered in order to minimize difficulties in excavation and related costs by using the appropriate flow velocity. To provide the best answer researchers use several methods. The second question is answered in order to minimize model error. For this aim, there are many algorithms proposed by researchers in the literature. In this paper, the fuzzy logic method was used for open canal flow modeling. Furthermore, a simple membership function and fuzzy rule generation technique (SMRGT) is introduced, and used for fuzzy modeling. Two fuzzy models, each for different cross-sectional shape, are presented in this study as an application of SMRGT. The comparison depends on various statistics, mean absolute relative error, and contour maps showed that the fuzzy models were successful in open channel flow modeling and SMRGT is useful for MF (membership function) and FR (fuzzy rule) generation.
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    Fuzzy-based quality classification model for natural building stone blocks
    (2012) Akkoyun, Özgür; Toprak, Zeynel Fuat; 0000-0001-9103-8300
    Natural building stones (NBS) have been used since ancient times as decoration and as construction material. The first form of NBS products is a raw stone block. International trading of NBS blocks is very important, because almost half of all commercial activity in the NBS industry involves trading of quarried raw NBS blocks. Currently, however, there is no internationally accepted quality classification system for NBS block trading in the market. The commonly applied classification depends on stone dimensions, colour, textures, and poor-quality properties such as fissures-fractures and fossils. The definitions and limitations of this classification are not exactly clear, because every NBS block has different properties. Therefore, in this study, a fuzzy model was developed to classify the qualities of NBS blocks according to their physical and colour properties. The study shows that fuzzy set theory could effectively overcome current classification uncertainties.
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    Longitudinal dispersion coefficient modeling in natural channels using fuzzy logic
    (Wiley, 2007) Toprak, Zeynel Fuat; Savcı, Mehmet Emin; 0000-0003-0876-1165
    Researchers have long used differential equations to investigate longitudinal dispersion processes, which can be derived under certain assumptions and include a longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D-1). In practice, most empirical equations are developed only for D-1. Unfortunately, many critical assumptions in the derivation of these equations are not considered, and consequently, these equations can only be used with precautions and reservations. The goal of this study is to develop a fuzzy model to predict D, in natural channels. The model depends on 65 data sets extracted from the literature. The variables are the depth, width and mean cross-sectional velocity of the flow, shear velocity and D,. The data is divided for training and testing phases. The model is compared with measured data and seven existing equations. The comparison depends on seven statistical characteristics, four different error modes, and a contour map. It is observed that the fuzzy model yields results that are more reliable than existing methods and it can be used more easily and efficiently.
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    Modeling monthly mean flow in a poorly gauged basin by fuzzy logic
    (Wiley, 2009) Toprak, Zeynel Fuat; Eriş, Ebru; Ağıralioğlu, Necati; Cigizoğlu, Hikmet Kerem; Yılmaz, Levent; Aksoy, Hafzullah; Coşkun, Hilal Gonca; 0000-0003-0601-7666; 0000-0002-5336-9202; 0000-0002-6527-9079; 0000-0001-5807-5660
    The estimation of the monthly mean flow is a critical issue in many water resource development projects. However, in practice the mean flow is not easily determined in ungauged and poorly gauged basins. Therefore, in the literature, various flow estimation methods have been developed recently for mountainous regions which are generally ungauged or poorly gauged basins. In this study a fuzzy logic model based on the Mamdani approach was developed to estimate the flow for poorly gauged mountainous basins. This model was applied to the Solakli Basin which is located in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Limited rainfall and flow data are available for this basin. In addition to these variables, the stream and time coefficients were introduced and used as variables for modeling. The data was divided into training and testing phases. The model results were compared with the measured data. The comparison depends on seven statistical characteristics, four different error modes and the contour map method. It was observed that the fuzzy model developed in this study yielded reliable results.