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Öğe Anadolu'da yetişen Gundelia taksonlarının biyolojik aktivitelerinin ve kimyasal içeriklerinin belirlenmesi(Dicle Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2023) Tarhan, Abbas; Topal, GirayGundelia cinsine ait türler, Orta Doğu toplumlarının geleneksel halk tıbbında yaygın olarak kullanılan önemli ana şifalı bitkiler arasındadır. Mevcut doktora tezindeki araştırmanın vurgusu, dünya çapındaki 22 Gundelia taksonlarının tamamının biyoaktif fitokimyasalları ve biyofarmasötik etkinliği üzerinedir. Bununla birlikte, yirmi iki Gundelia türünün kök, gövde-yaprak ve çiçek kısımlarının etanol ekstraktları hazırlanmış ve bunların biyoaktif fitokimyasalları, kapsamlı ve valide edilmiş bir LC-MS/MS (sıvı kromatografi tandem kütle spektrometrisi) yöntemiyle kantitatif olarak belirlenmiştir. LC-MS/MS çalışmasının sonuçları dikkate alındığında, kafeik asit (0,020–4,082 mg/g ekstrakt), klorojenik asit (0,042–93,52 mg/g ekstrakt), kamferol-3-O-glukozit (0,019–42,737 mg/g ekstrakt), kinik asit (3,860–63,761 mg/g ekstrakt), kersetin-3-O- glukozit (0,021–24,241 mg/g ekstrakt), apigenin-7-O- glukozit (0,006–15,859 mg/g ekstrakt), letolin-7-O- glukozit (cynaroside) (0,013–34,017 mg/g ekstrakt) ve 1,5-dikaffeoilkinik asit (0,014–4,827 mg/g ekstrakt) miktarlarının kayda değer olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca çalışılan ekstraktların biyoaktiviteleri, toplam fenolik-flavonoid içerikleri ve ABTS (katyon radikal süpürme aktivitesi), DPPH (serbest radikal süpürme aktivitesi) ve CUPRAC (kuprik antioksidan kapasiteyi azaltan) yöntemlerine göre antioksidan aktiviteleri belirlendi. Birkaç istisna dışında, tüm antioksidan test deneyleri, incelenen Gundelia türlerinin kök etanol özlerinin, çiçek ve gövde-yaprak özü muadillerinden daha güçlü antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. ABTS testinin sonuçlarına dayanarak, G. armata, G. armeniaca, G. dersim, G. purpurascens, G. microcephala, G. aragatsi, G. tehranica, ve G. tournefortii'nin (IC50 < 10 μg/mL) kök-etanol ekstraktlarının antioksidan kapasitelerinin en az BHT'ninkiler kadar yüksek olduğu belirlendi. (Bütillenmiş hidroksitoluen) (IC50: 11,35 ± 0,22 μg/mL) ve α-tokoferol (IC50: 9,23 ± 0,12 μg/mL), referans bileşikler olarak kullanıldı. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, dünyadaki tüm Gundelia taksonlarının farklı kısımlarının fitokimyasal içeriklerinin ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin birlikte belirlendiği ilk bilimsel çalışmadır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada G. tenuisecta, G. cappadocica, G. aragatsi, G. microcephala ve G. tehranica türlerinin fitokimyasal içerikleri ve biyoaktiviteleri ilk kez çalışılmıştır.Öğe Antityrosinase activity and LC-MS/MS analysis of optimized ultrasound-assisted condition extracts and fractions from strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo L.)(Digital Commons Bepress, 2024) Demir, Serdar; Koyu, Halil; Yilmaz, Mustafa A.; Tarhan, Abbas; Ozturk, Sura BaykanInvestigation of utilization possibilities of natural sources has been an important area for research. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity plays a key role in food and medicine industry. Strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo ), a widely distributed plant among Mediterranean countries, possess fruits and leaves with rich bioactive phytochemicals, especially polyphenolic compounds. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antityrosinase activity of the fruit and leaf extracts of the plant, and to determine the phenolic compounds that contribute to the antityrosinase activity. In this regard, we evaluated the effect of solvent composition on the extraction of phenolic compounds from A. unedo and on its antityrosinase activity using a simplex centroid design approach, and used chromatographic and LC-MS/MS techniques. The leaf extracts prepared using EtOH:water (50:50) provided higher TPC (456.39 mg GAE/g extract) and acetone:EtOH:water (33:33:33) provided higher TFC (56.15 mg QE/g extract) values than of fruit extracts. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 23 phenolic/ fl avonoid compounds in leaf extracts (L1-8), and major metabolites were detected as quercitrin, quinic acid, catechin, tannic acid, isoquercitrin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. Among the leaf extracts, L3 (aceton:water, 50:50) exhibited 72.01% tyrosinase inhibition at 500 mu g/mL. After fractionation studies guided by antityrosinase activity, its subfraction L3-Fr2 exhibited 40.06% inhibition at 50 mu g/mL concentration (IC 50 : 146 +/- 7.75 mu g/mL), and catechin (113.19 mg/g), tannic acid (53.14 mg/g), ellagic acid (22.14 mg/g), gallic acid (10.27 mg/g), and epicatechin gallate (8.65 mg/ g) were determined as major metabolites. Its subfraction L3-Fr2-sub7 exhibited better antityrosinase activity (IC 50 : 206.23 +/- 9.87 mu g/mL), and quantitative analysis results revealed the presence of tannic acid (127.40 mg/g), gallic acid (13.96 mg/g), ellagic acid (7.66 mg/g), quercetin-3- O -glucuronide (5.06 mg/g), and quinic acid (3.2 mg/g) as major metabolites, and correlation analysis showed that ellagic acid and quinic acid were positively correlated with antityrosinase activity.Öğe Chemical fingerprints and bioactivities of 12 Anatolian Achillea L. species by LC-MS/ MS with chemometric approach: novel phytonutrients, natural food preservatives and chlorogenic acid sources(Turkiye Klinikleri, 2022) Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Yener, İsmail; Türkmenoğlu, Fatma Pınar; Ölmez, Özge Tokul; Öztürk, Mehmet; Altun, Muhammed; Çakır, Oğuz; Tarhan, Abbas; Boğa, MehmetThe objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities and chemical fingerprint profiles of the extracts obtained from twelve Achillea L. species (A. lycaonica, A. biebersteinii (syn: A. arabica), A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi, A. schischkinii, A. millefolium subsp. millefolium, A. sintenisii, A. setacea, A. teretifolia, A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii (syn: A. santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii), A. nobilis, A. goniocephala, A. spinulifolia). The antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic effects were evaluated to investigate their bioactivity profiles. Furthermore, the total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined and LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to reveal the phytochemical profile of the investigated extracts. A. kotschyi and A. nobilis species were detected to have very high antioxidant potential as well as high total phenolic content (260.00 ± 3.38 and 282.97 ± 3.14 μg of PEs mg extract–1, respectively). According to the LC-MS/ MS results, A. kotschyi and A. nobilis species were found to contain very high concentrations of chlorogenic acid (55812.20 and 46407 μg analyte g extract–1). Besides, the bioactivities and phenolic composition of these species were chemometrically analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) techniques. It has also been determined that Achillea species generally exhibit quite high cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line. The studied species showed high urease enzyme activities.Öğe Chemical profile, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of natural Saudi sidr and talh honeys(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Al Qahtani, Hayfa W. S.; Yagi, Sakina; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Çakır, Oğuz; Tarhan, Abbas; Mustafa, Ahmed Ali; Zengin, Gokhan; 0000-0002-4090-7227; 0000-0002-8006-2054; 0000-0001-6548-7823Honey is used since ancient time as a food and to cure many diseases. The present study investigated the chemical constituents, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of natural Saudi Sidr (SH) and Talh (TH) honeys. Beside entire honey samples, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water extracts were prepared. The total polyphenolic content of SH, TH and their extracts was in the range of 2.86-7.21 and 3.80-17.33 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, respectively and the total flavonoids content was in the range of 0.05-1.17 and 0.18-2.38 mg rutin equivalents/g, respectively. Out of the 53 standards analyzed by HPLC, 27 compounds were detected with highest number of compounds identified in the ethyl acetate extract of TH (45 %, 24/53) and SH (26 %, 14/53), respectively. Quinic acid was dominant compound identified in all honey samples with the highest content determined in TH ethanol extract (4454 mu g/g). The majority of tested samples possessed considerable anti-radicals and reducing ions capacity with the ethyl acetate extract from TH exerted significantly (p<0.05) the highest activity. All honey samples did not show chelating iron metal property. Honey samples revealed variable enzyme inhibition activity with TH (entire and/or ethyl acetate extract) showed significantly (p<0.05) the highest acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase and alpha-amylase inhibition activity. In conclusion, ethyl acetate is the best solvent for extraction of bioactive molecules from the two honey types. Moreover, the dark-colored TH contained the highest number of molecules and consequently exerted the best antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities in most assays.Öğe Comprehensive study of all Gundelia L. taxa exists in the globe: An insight on LC-MS/MS based phytochemical investigation and bioactivity potential of 22 species(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Tarhan, Abbas; Fırat, Mehmet; Topal, GiraySpecies from the Gundelia genus are among the important main therapeutic herbs widely used in Middle Eastern nations' traditional medicine. The emphasis of the current investigation was on the bioactive phytochemicals and biopharmaceutical efficacy of all 22 species of Gundelia taxa worldwide. Herewith, ethanolic extracts of root, stem-leaf and flower parts of twenty two Gundelia species were prepared and their bioactive phytochemicals were quantified by a comprehensive and validated LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) method. The results of the LC-MS/MS study revealed that, chlorogenic acid (0.042–93.52 mg/g extract), quinic acid (3.860–63.761 mg/g extract), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (0.019–42.737 mg/g extract), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (cymaroside) (0.013–34.017 mg/g extract), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (0.021–24.241 mg/g extract), apigenin-7-O-glucoside (0.006–15.859 mg/g extract), 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (0.014–4.827 mg/g extract) and caffeic acid (0.020–4.082 mg/g extract) amounts were remarkable in the overall assessment of the quantification results. Furthermore, bioactivities of the studied extracts were determined by evaluating total phenolic-flavonoid contents and ABTS (cation radical scavenging activity), DPPH (free radical scavenging activity) and CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) antioxidant test assays. With a few exceptions, all antioxidant test assays showed that the root ethanol extracts of the examined Gundelia species had stronger antioxidant activity than their flower and stem-leaf extract counterparts. Based on the results of the ABTS assay, it was discovered that the antioxidant capacities of root-ethanol extracts of G. purpurascens, G. dersim, G. armeniaca, G. armata, G. aragatsi, G. microcephala, G. tournefortii and G. tehranica (IC50 < 10 μg/mL) were at least as high as those of BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) (IC50: 11.35 ± 0.22 μg/mL) and α-tocopherol (IC50: 9.23 ± 0.12 μg/mL), which were used as the reference compounds. To conclude, this is the first study in which the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of different parts of all Gundelia taxa in the world were determined together. Moreover, in this study, the phytochemical quantitation and bioactivity of G. microcephala, G. cappadocica, G. tehranica, G. aragatsi, and G. tenuisecta species were evaluated for the first time.Öğe Detailed phytochemical evaluation of a locally endemic species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and its in-depth antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Çakır, Oğuz; İzol, Ebubekir; Tarhan, Abbas; Behçet, Lütfi̇; Zengin, GökhanThe importance of bioactive plant species in the scientific world is increasing day by day. The relationship between health and traditional-modern life, promotes the creation of new value-added natural products. This is the first research to conduct a bioactivity and chemical composition analysis of Campanula baskilensis species, which belongs to the medicinally important genus Campanula L (Campanulaceae). The aim of the current study is to quantitatively investigate the phytochemical contents of aerial and root parts of different C. baskilensis extracts (ethanol, methanol, and water) by LC-MS/MS and to evaluate their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Remarkably, LC-MS/MS results revealed that, high amounts of quinic acid (53.6 mg/g aerial-MeOH extract), fumaric acid (6.3 mg/g aerial-H2O extract, 2.5 mg/g root-H2O extract), protocatechuic acid (11.4 mg/g aerial-H2O extract), vanillic acid (1.4 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (2.3 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), hesperetin 7-rutinoside (hesperidin) (2.0 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (5.5 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract) were detected in the extracts of the species. Considering the bioactivity tests performed on C. baskilensis extracts, aerial-H2O extract showed significant activity in all antioxidant assays. However, ethanol extracts of root and aerial parts exhibited the highest activities in all enzyme inhibitory tests.Öğe EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ROW SPACINGS AND SEEDING RATES ON CONTENT OF IMPORTANT MACRO-MINERALS IN FORAGE PEA(Polish Society Magnesium Research, 2023) Sayar, Mehmet Salih; Basbag, Mehmet; Tarhan, AbbasThis study was conducted to determine the effects of row spacings (RS) and seeding rates (SR) on the macro-mineral content of forage pea (Pisum sativum spp. arvense L.). For this purpose, field experiments were established in line with the Split Plots in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. According to the results, the content of the investigated macro-minerals ranged in the tested the row spacings, seeding rates and the growing seasons as follows: calcium (Ca) content 15.03 g kg-1 to 16.67 g kg-1, magnesium (Mg) content 2.40 g kg-1 to 3.40 g kg-1, phosphorus (P) content 3.74 g kg-1 to 4.74 g kg-1 and potassium (K) content 22.81 g kg-1 to 31.48 g kg-1 of forage dry matter (DM). It has been determined that these concentrations of minerals are sufficient for animal needs. Additionally, variance analysis showed that the Mg content of forage pea increased significantly (P<0.01) in the dry growing season, whereas the P and K content of forage pea decreased in the same growing season. Furthermore, a biplot analysis of the data from the two growing seasons showed that 20 cm RS was the best row spacing for reaching the highest Ca, P and K content, while 30 cm RS was found as the best spacing for the highest Mg content in forage pea. Additionally, 150 seed m-2 SR was the ideal seeding rate for obtaining the highest Ca and Mg content in the forage pea.Öğe Enhancement of yogurt functionality by adding Mentha piprita phenolic extract and evaluation of its quality during cold storage(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Guemidi, Chafika; Ait Saada, Djamal; Ait Chabane, Ouiza; Elmastaş, Mahfuz; Erenler, Ramazan; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Tarhan, AbbasNew functional food products with health benefits are currently in high demand among health-conscious consumers. The present research aims to improve the func-tional properties of yogurt by adding peppermint hydroethanolic extract (PHE) at dif-ferent doses. The impact of PHE (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) on yogurt was studied for acidity, pH, organoleptic quality, antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, and fatty acid profile. The results revealed that PHE is rich in phenolic compounds, of which ros-marinic acid was the main one (339.88 mg/g lyophilized extract) and has considerable antioxidant potential, which remarkably (p< .01) increased antioxidant capacity in yo-gurt by over 39.51%, even at a low dose of 2%, giving the product better protection against lipid peroxidation and preserving its physicochemical and sensory quality. At 4%, PHE increased significantly (p< .01) the content of omega-3 fatty acids, nota-bly alpha- linolenic acid, in fortified yogurt compared with the control, and reduced (p< .01) the ratio of omega-6/omega-3, which dropped from 5.21 to 4.11. It looks feasible to prepare a yogurt with health- giving properties by adding Mentha piperitahydroethanolic extract at a concentration of up to 4% as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants, which would also extend its shelf life.Öğe LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of phenolic compounds and in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing effects of Nonea pulmonarioides extracts(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Abdullah, Fuad O.; Muhammad, Haval H.; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Çakır, Oğuz; Tarhan, AbbasThe chemical composition of Nonea pulmonarioides extracts were investigated for the first time. The phytoconstituents of the methanol extracts were screened by using LC/MS-MS technique. The anticancer activity of the acetone and methanol extracts were measured against four cancer cell lines; MCF-7, PC3, HT-29, and U-87 MG. Thirty phenolic compounds were identified, rosmarinic (90.06 mg analyte/g extract) and fumaric acids (39.737 mg analyte/g extract) were major compounds of the studied species. Moreover, both methanol and acetone extracts were found to have strong anticancer activities. The acetone extract HT-29 (with IC50 of 10.17 +/- 0.25 mu g/mL) compared with standard cis-platin (with IC50 of 22.20 +/- 0.72 mu g/mL) with apoptotic mediated programmed cell death. These findings identified N. pulmonarioides as a potential species exhibiting anticancer properties. In conclusion, the compelling results show that the methanol extract contains possible bioactive compounds with anticancer properties that require isolation and further characterisation. [GRAPHICS] .Öğe Phytochemical Profiling by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS, In Vitro Antioxidant, In Vivo Antidiabetic, and Pro-Sexual Effects of Salvia balansae Noë Ex Coss. Flower Extract in Diabetic Male Rats(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Souidi, Wadjila S.; Belhocine, Mansouria; Bouzouina, Mohamed; Yilmaz, Mustafa A.; Feknous, Ines; Cakir, Oguz; Tarhan, AbbasOur study assessed the phytochemical composition and the effects of Salvia balansae flower aqueous extract (FAE) on sexual dysfunction in diabetic rats. Total phenolic and flavonoid content, quantification of phytochemicals by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method, and in vitro antioxidant capacity of FAE extract were elucidated. For the in vivo study, diabetes was induced by one intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg), and treated diabetic rats were given FAE at 200 mg/kg. Rats were subjected to a sexual incentive motivation test (SIM) and a mating behavior test, and then serum testosterone levels and sperm quality were analyzed. Our study indicates that FAE contained a large amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, and 13 constituents were quantified; cynaroside (3.8 mg analyte/g extract) was the main compound, followed by rosmarinic acid (3.145 mg analyte/g extract), thus confirming its high antioxidant capacity. FAE treatment significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved sexual motivation and copulatory behavior, increased testosterone levels, and enhanced sperm quality in diabetic-treated rats compared to diabetic untreated rats. The present work demonstrates the therapeutic potential of S. balansae flowers in enhancing reproductive function in diabetic rats, potentially through its antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and aphrodisiac properties.Öğe A research on the chemical, mineral and fatty acid compositions of two almond cultivars grown as organic and conventional in southeastern Turkey(CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 2022) Gülsoy, Ersin; Tarhan, Abbas; İzol, Ebubekir; Çokran, Berna Doğru; Şimşek, MikdatOrganic farming is a human and environment friendly production system that is based on soil fertility and food safety without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides in production, aiming to re-establish the deteriorated ecological balance as a result of harmful production practices. Organic products attract the interest of consumers as they are strongly perceived as healthier products compared to conventional food. This study aimed to determine the differences in chemical, mineral, and fatty acid characteristics between conventionally and organically cultivated Ferragnes and Ferraduel almond cultivars. When conventional and organic almonds were evaluated in terms of fatty acids, proximate compositions, and minerals, crude oil and Mg were statistically insignificant, while Cu was significant (P < 0.05) and all others were quite significant (P < 0.001). Total sugar was higher in organic samples compared to conventional samples in both cultivars. The crude oil and linoleic acid (12.93% for Ferragnes and 14.99% for Ferraduel) were higher in conventional samples but oleic acid (78.9% for Ferragnes and 81.08% for Ferraduel) was higher in organic samples. In addition, organic samples contained higher Mg and Fe but lower P, K, Ca, Na, Zn, Mn and Cu when compared with conventional samples. The results indicate that conventionally cultivated almonds present higher mineral content and lower fatty acid value compared to organically cultivated almonds.Öğe Trace element analysis of some medicinal and aromatic plant taxa by ICP-MS(Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2023) İzol, Ebubekir; Çiçek, İsa; Behçet, Lütfi; Kaya, Enes; Tarhan, AbbasIn this study, analysis of trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, Pb) in medicinally important taxa, such as Alkanna trichophila Hub.-Mor. var. trichophila, Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea (Boraginaceae), Achillea biebersteinii Afan., Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Sprengel (Asteraceae), Ajuga vestita Boiss. (Endemic), Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae), collected in Çermik district of Türkiye’s Diyarbakır province, was conducted quantitatively and qualitatively using the ICP-MS technique. Today, ICP-MS technology is one of the most sensitive metal analysis methods. As a result of the analysis, Sn, Hg, and Pb elements in the studied plant taxa could not be determined since they were below the LOD value. It is essential for consumers that these three toxic elements are not specified in plant species. In general, it was determined that the concentrations of heavy metals, which have harmful effects on health, were low in the investigated plants. Of all the elements, Al (26.04- 193.5 mg/kg) had the highest concentration in the studied taxa. As a consequence, several trace elements were characterized, and their concentrations were identified in the studied medicinal and aromatic six ethnobotanically important plant species.Öğe Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and uric acid dissolution power of some plant extracts: In vitro therapeutical approach for gout treatment(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Bouakkaz, Hicham; Djeridane, Amar; Mahfoudi, Reguia; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Çakır, Oğuz; Tarhan, Abbas; Lassakeur, Zakaria; Yousfi, MohamedElevated serum levels of uric acid are associated with an increased risk of hyperuricemia and gout. Recent attention has focused on the bioactive properties of plant extracts in preventing disease. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of 16 different extracts from four common plants on the inhibition of xanthine oxidase and the dissolution of uric acid, as well as the quantification of certain phytoconstituents and their haemolytic effects on human red blood cells. Results from quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.0001) intra- and inter-specific variability in total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, uric acid, sodium, potassium, and calcium depending on the studied species and the type of solvent used in extraction. A total of 19 phenolic compounds were characterized and quantified using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with an electrospray ionization source operating in both negative and positive ionization modes mass spectrometry, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and other polyphenols. The in vitro antigout activity results indicated that all extracts had the ability to express the inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase and to dissolve uric acid at different levels. Therefore, the acetonic extracts of Cistus creticus L., Cistaceae, and Plantago ciliata Desf., Plantaginaceae, had the most significant xanthine oxidase inhibiting effect with values of 13.480 ± 0.596 and 13.020 ± 0.627 µg of allopurinol/mg of dry residue, respectively. Moreover, their aqueous extracts showed the highest dissolving properties of uric acid (solubilities > 450 mg uric acid/l). These extracts also showed no toxic effect against isolated human erythrocytes and may be able to help improve the efficacy of new therapies for gouty arthritis. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)
