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Öğe The Influence of Environmental Factors on Germination of Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus) Seeds: Implications for Range Expansion and Management(Cambridge Univ Press, 2018) Onen, Huseyin; Farooq, Shahid; Tad, Sonnur; Ozaslan, Cumali; Gunal, Hikmet; Chauhan, Bhagirath S.Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) is a highly invasive vine that has become naturalized in the humid Black Sea region of Turkey, but previous to this study there was no information on the germination biology of this weed. The germination biology of three naturalized populations of S. angulatus from the Black Sea region was studied in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The germination of nondormant seeds was observed under different photoperiods, constant temperatures, and varying levels of pH, salinity, and osmotic potential. Furthermore, seedling emergence from various soil depths was investigated. The seeds of all populations proved nonphotoblastic (82% to 90%, 55% to 66%, and 48% to 56% germination under 12-, 24-, and 0-h photoperiod, respectively) and germinated over a wide range of temperatures (5 to 40 C). Seedlings emerged from all seed burial depths (0 to 15 cm); however, germination was drastically reduced (>90% reduction) beyond 6 to 8 cm. Seed germination was 30% to 38% for seeds placed on the surface and increased to 78% to 88% for seeds buried 2 cm deep, while germination was severely reduced for seeds buried 10 and 15 cm deep (8 to 12% and 0 to 6%, respectively). Seeds of all populations were found to be sensitive to osmotic and salinity stress and to highly acidic and alkaline pH levels. All populations had similar requirements for germination that are directly related to their area of naturalization. These results indicate that the species has limited potential for range expansion to arid, semiarid (nonirrigated), and relatively saline areas. However, humid, salinity-free, and frequently irrigated areas of the country are at high risk of invasion. In arable lands, deep tillage followed by shallow tillage and effective management of emerging seedlings could deplete the soil seedbank in the long run. However, there is an urgent need for effective strategies to manage the species in other nonarable areas.Öğe The influence of environmental factors on seed germination of Polygonum perfoliatum L.: Implications for management(MDPI AG, 2021) Farooq, Shahid; Önen, Hüseyin; Özaslan, Cumali; Tad, Sonnur; Mahmoud, Samy F.; Brestic, Marian; Zivcak, MarekPolygonum perfoliatum L. is an aggressive vine, currently invading the Black Sea region, Turkey. However, information about the seed germination biology of this species is scanty. The objective of the current study was to determine the seed germination biology of three naturalized populations of this species. Chemical scarification with 98% sulfuric acid for 30 min followed by cold-wet stratification at 4◦C for 4 weeks effectively released seed dormancy in tested populations. Seeds of all populations required a 12 h photoperiod for the highest germination, while germination under continuous dark and light remained similar. The seeds were able to germinate under a wide range of constant (5–40◦C) and alternating temperatures, pH (3–11), osmotic potential (0 to −1.4 MPa) and salinity (0–500 mM NaCl). However, the peak germination was observed under 20◦C constant and 20/15◦C alternating day/night temperature, and pH 6.8. Seeds of all populations were able to withstand 200 mM salinity and −0.6 MPa osmotic potential. Increasing seed burial depth initially stimulated seedling emergence and then a sharp decline was observed for the seeds buried below >2 cm depth. More than 90% of the seeds were unable to emerge when buried >6 cm depth. Polygonum perfoliatum has a large potential for range expansion; therefore, immediate management of the naturalized populations is warranted. This weed species in agricultural fields can be managed by burying the seeds in deeper soil layers (6 cm), while post-emergence management strategies need to be developed for roadside populations.Öğe Range expansion potential of two co-occurring invasive vines to marginal habitats in Turkey(Elsevier, 2017) Farooq, Shahid; Tad, Sonnur; Onen, Huseyin; Gunal, Hikmet; Caldiran, Ugur; Ozaslan, CumaliNiche distribution models accurately predict the potential distribution range of invasive plants into new habitats based on their climatic requirements in the native regions. However, these models usually ignore the marginal habitats which can limit the distribution of exotic plants. We therefore tested the seedling survival, growth and nutrient acquisition capabilities of two co-occurring invasive vines [Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross and Sicyos angulatus L.] in three different manipulative greenhouse experiments to infer their range expansion potential to marginal habitats in Turkey. First experiment included five different moisture availability regimes (100, 75, 50, 25 and 12.5% available water), second experiment consisted of four different salinity levels (0, 3, 6 and 12 dSm(-1) soil salinity) and third experiment had four different soil textures (clay-1, clay-2, sandy loam and silt-clay-loam). Seedling mortality was only observed under extreme moisture deficiency in both plant species, while most of the transplanted seedlings of both species did not survive under 6 and 12 dSm(-1) salinity levels. Soil textures had no effect on seedling survival. POLPE better tolerated low moisture availability and high salinity Compared to SIYAN. Biomass production in both plant species was linearly reduced with increasing salinity and moisture deficiency. SIYAN invested more resources towards shoot, accumulated higher K and P, whereas POLPE maintained higher root-to-shoot ratio under all experimental conditions. Both plant species employed different strategies to cope with adverse environmental conditions, but failed to persist under high soil salinity and moisture deficiency. Our study suggest that both plant species have limited potential of range expansion to marginal habitats and will be limited to moist and humid areas only. Therefore, further research activities should be concentrated in these regions to develop effective management strategies against both species. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe Sicyos Angulatus'un Karadeniz Bölgesindeki mevcut durumu(Türkiye Herboloji Derneği, 2015) Önen, Hüseyin; Tad, Sonnur; Özaslan, CumaliSicyos angulatus L. Cucurbitaceae (Kabakgiller) familyasına dâhil sarılıcı/tırmanıcı bir sarmaşıktır. Bitki otsu formda ve tek yıllık olup yılın soğuk aylarında tamamen donarak ölmektedir. Üremesi tohumladır. S. angulatus tam veya kısmen güneş alan ve nemli koşulları tercih etmektedir. Bitki tipik olarak yazları ılıman ya da sıcak ve yağışlı bölgelerde bulunur. Ülkemizde ilk kez 1996 yılında Karadeniz bölgesinde Artvin Borçka'da, 1999 yılında ise Trabzon'un Yomra, Araklı, Of ve Çaykara ile Artvin'in Borçka ilçelerinde rapor edilmiştir. Ancak aradan geçen 15 yıl içerisinde bitkinin yayıldığı alanlara ilişkin bilgi mevcut değildir. Bu çalışma; Sicyos angulatus‘un Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde dağılım alanlarının güncellenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede Karadeniz Bölgesi (Samsun-Artvin arası; yaklaşık 565 km mesafe) gridlere bölünmüştür. Gridlerin kesişim noktalarında denk gelen toplam 211 noktada sürvey yapılmıştır. Sürvey çalışmaları gerçekleştirilirken her bir noktanın GPS koordinatları, yükseklik, toprak özellikleri, bitkiye eşlik eden diğer bitkiler vb ekolojik veriler ile S. angulatus’un oluşturduğu parsellerin büyüklüğü vb bilgiler kayıt altına alınmıştır. S. angulatus bölge de Ünye (Samsun) ve Sarp (Artvin) arasında kalan yaklaşık 420 km uzunluğundaki sahil boyunca yayıldığı ve sahilden iç kesimlere geçtiği saptanmıştır. Bitkinin sürvey alanında çok farklı yaşam alanlarında ve ekosistemlerde dağılım gösterebildiği belirlenmiştir. Bitkinin özellikle; dere ve orman kenarlarında, yol kenarları, döküntü alanları ve tahrip edilmiş boş araziler vb tarım dışı alanlar ile başta kivi olmak üzere meyve bahçeleri, çay plantasyonları, sebzelik alanlar vb tarım alanlarını istila ettiği saptanmıştır. Yoğun istila edilen bölgelerde bitkinin yaklaşık 2-3 km mesafede kesintisiz olarak görülebildiği ve tamamen bitki ile kaplı 20 dekardan büyük parseller oluşturabildiği saptanmıştır. Sürvey sonuçları bitkinin artık Doğu ve Orta Karadeniz bölgesine yerleştiğini, tarım alanlarında önemli sorunlara yol açtığını ve bitkinin sahilden iç kesimlere doğru yayılma eğiliminde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum bitkiye karşı son derece hızlı bir şekilde acil müdahaleye stratejilerinin oluşturulması ve uygulanması gereği ortaya çıkmaktadır
