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    Etiology and Histopathology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Current Approaches
    (Cem TIRINK, 2022) Erdemci, Fikri; Aşır, Fırat; Taş, Fatih
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a widespread kind of dementia and is one of progressive neurodegenerative diseases that leads to permanent damage to neurons. It has known that genetic and non-genetic factors play a role in the etiopathogenesis of AD. The accepted genetic factors are mutations on genetic codes especially on PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP genes. However, non-genetic factors include advanced age, exposure to occupational factors, current disorders, and lifestyle characteristics of the person. The final AD diagnosis can establish by histopathological examination of the brain after death. Pathologically, AD has two distinguishing features. Of these, beta-amyloid (Aß) neurotic plaques are protein aggregates outside of nerve cells in the brain, whereas neurofibrillary tangles are structures found inside cells. The main component of amyloid plaques is Aß, and the main component of neurofibrillary tangles is tau protein. Despite current therapies for Alzheimer’s disease, no definitive treatment is available. Today, preventive and curative treatment approaches for the disease include cholinesterase inhibitors, neurotrophic factors, NMDA-receptor antagonists, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen replacement therapies, antioxidants, and regular sleep. Despite all these approaches for the disease, further multidisciplinary studies are needed for the definitive treatment of the disease.
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    Examining the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the umbilical cord
    (MediHealth Academy Yayıncılık, 2022) Taş, Fatih; Yılmaz, Mehmet; Erdemci, Fikri; Aşır, Fırat; Deveci, Engin
    Introduction: It is known that COVID-19 in pregnancy causes some negative consequences. Although some studies have been conducted on the possible effects of COVID-19 seen in late pregnancy, its effects in the previous trimesters are not clearly known. This study aimed to examine the umbilical cords of pregnant women who did not have COVID-19 and those who had in the second and third trimesters, after delivery using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. Material and Method: The study included 27 pregnant women who had never had COVID-19 (n:9), who had had COVID-19 in the second trimester (n:9) and had had COVID-19 in the third trimester (n:9). After delivery, sections were taken from the umbilical cords of the pregnant women and examined with histopathological and immunohistochemical (VEGF and vimentin antibodies) methods. H-scores were determined for statistical analysis of immunohistochemical staining results. Group means were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis Test. Results: In cases that had COVID-19 in the third trimester of pregnancy, histopathological findings were more significant than in the other groups. Hemorrhage, thinning of the tunica intima layer, and deterioration in its integrity were observed in the umbilical vascular structures of this group. VEGF and vimentin expression levels were higher in the third-trimester group than in the other groups. Conclusion: The COVID-19 disease has both acute and long-term effects. The presence of histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in the umbilical cord during the third trimester of pregnancy supports this information. Moreover, the high levels of expression of VEGF and vimentin in the umbilical cords of pregnant women may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the post-acute effects of these proteins.
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    Histopathological examination of the placenta after delivery in pregnant women with COVID-19
    (MediHealth Academy Yayıncılık, 2022) Taş, Fatih; Erdemci, Fikri; Aşır, Fırat; Maraşlı, Mustafa; Deveci, Engin
    Introduction: COVID-19 is a viral disease generated by a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. The consequences of this virus on the human placenta and the newborn are still unclear. IL-6 can disturb the placenta's immunological homeostasis and be employed as an inflammatory marker for the poor prognosis of COVID-19 infection. Bax has some features like being a key protein regulating apoptotic mechanisms and plays an important role in both maintaining dynamic balance and integrity in the placenta as in many tissues. This study aims to indicate the impact of COVID-19 on inflammation and apoptotic pathways in the placenta by using IL-6 and Bax antibodies. Material and Method: COVID-19 positive (n:10) and COVID-19 negative (n:10) normotensive placentas were included. Haematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining (IL-6 and Bax antibodies) were applied. Statistical data of immunohistochemical (IL-6 and Bax expression) staining results were assessed by analyzing the H-score. Biochemical parameters were recorded. Group means were analyzed with a nonparametric Kruskal Wallis Test. Results: In the COVID-19 group, increased syncytial knots, fibrin deposition, inflammation, fibrinoid necrosis, neutrophil accumulation were observed. The COVID-19 group had considerably higher levels of IL-6 and Bax expression than the control group. Furthermore, COVID-19 patients had statistically lower WBC and higher CRP values than normotensive patients. Conclusion: COVID-19 has been linked to placental inflammation and trophoblast cell damage, both of which can result in major maternal and fetal problems during pregnancy. We found intense IL-6 expression in the placentas of pregnant women with COVID-19 infection. A rise in IL-6 levels triggers CRP production, and this increase is linked to the severity of COVID-19 as a risk factor. Also, we suggested that COVID-19 infection triggers the apoptotic process in placental tissue by increasing the expression of the proapoptotic Bax protein. It is clinically very significant to follow up COVID-19 positive pregnancies for maternal and fetal health. During this follow-up, IL-6 and Bax expression levels in the placenta, together with histopathological findings and serum CRP levels, can guide the evaluation of the prognosis, severity and response to treatment of the disease.