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    Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey
    (Springer, 2004) Sertkaya, E; Bayram, A; Kornosor, S
    The present study was conducted to determine egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an important but sporadic pest in Turkey. High beet armyworm population levels were recently observed in fields of first and second crop maize in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. The parasitoid species complex and its impact on the pest were analyzed in a 4-year study in first and second crop maize. The braconid larval parasitoids Microplitis rufiventris Kokujev, M. tuberculifer Wesmael, Meteorus ictericus Nees, Chelonus obscuratus (Herrich Schaffer) (an egg-larval parasitoid), Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday); the ichneumonid larval parasitoids Hyposoter didyniator (Thunberg) and Sinophorus xanthostomus Gravenhorst; and the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) were found to be the natural enemies attacking the pest. Among the parasitoid species the solitary endoparasitoid H. didymator was the most prevalent species, being reared from 40.5% of the parasitized larvae found. Higher parasitism rates were recorded on first crop than on second crop maize in every year. Possible reasons for this difference in larval parasitism between two growing seasons include lower population of the pest and reduced insecticide applications in first crop maize fields which permitted higher parasitism. However, parasitoid activity was insufficient to counterbalance the population growth of the pest on subsequent second crop maize.
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    Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf worm Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi
    (Springer, 2005) Sertkaya, E; Bayram, A
    The loreyi leaf worm, Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a pest of gramineous crops and causes significant economic damage to maize. In field surveys on maize to determine the parasitoid community and its impact on the pest in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, nine parasitoid species were found associated with immature stages of M. loreyi: The hymenopteran (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) parasitoids Cotesia (=Apanteles) ruficrus (Haliday), Chelonus oculator Panzer, Meteorus ictericus Nees, Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg), Sinophorus sp.; and the dipteran (Tachinidae) parasitoids Pseudogonia rufifrons Wiedeman, Exorista rossica Mesnil, Gonia picea (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Linnaemya vulpina (Fallen) - the last three recorded for the first time as parasitoids of M. loreyi in Turkey. C. ruficrus was the dominant parasitoid species, being recovered from 38.5% of the larvae collected and was also the most prevalent species, existing in 9 1.0% of the fields in which M. loreyi was found. Total parasitism levels achieved by braconid species was 41.4%, by ichneumonid parasitoids 4.8%, and by tachinid parasitoids 1.9%. In a separate field experiment, seasonal population fluctuations and natural efficiency of C ruficrus on M. loreyi were found to be 35.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Population levels of C ruficrus were closely related to fluctuations in the population of M. loreyi, with parasitism ranging between 0 and 77.3% during the study.