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    Early-infantile onset epilepsy and developmental delay caused by bi-allelic GAD1 variants
    (Oxford University Press, 2020) Neuray, Caroline; Maroofian, Reza; Scala, Marcello; Sultan, Tipu; Pai, Gurpur Shashidhar; Mojarrad, Majid; Khashab, Heba Youssef E.L.; deHoll, Leigh; Yue, Wyatt Wai Yin; Alsaif, Hessa S.; Zanetti, María Natalia; Bello, Oscar; Person, Richard Erwin; Eslahi, Atieh; Khazaei, Zaynab; Feizabadi, Masoumeh Heidari; Efthymiou, Stephanie; El-Bassyouni, Hala Tabie; Soliman, Doaa Refaey; Tekeş, Selahattin; Özer, Leyla; Baltacı, Volkan; Khan, Suliman; Beetz, Christian; Amr, Khalda; Salpietro, Vincenzo; Jamshidi, Yalda; Alkuraya., Fowzan S.; Houlden, Henry H.; Groppa, Stanislav A.; Karashova, Blagovesta Marinova; Nachbauer, Wolfgang; Boesch, Sylvia M.; Arning, Larissa; Timmann, Dagmar; Cormand, Bru; Pérez-Dueñas, Belén; Di Rosa, Gabriella; Goraya, Jatinder Singh; Mine, June; Avdjieva-Tzavella, Daniela Mircheva; Kathom, Hadil Mohamed; Tincheva, Radka Stefanova; Banu, Selina H.; Pineda-Marfà, Mercedes; Veggiotti, Pierangelo; Ferrari, Michel D.; Verrottï, Alberto; Marseglia, Gian Luigi; Savasta, Salvatore; García-Silva, Mayte; Ruiz, Alfons Macaya; Garavaglia, Barbara; Borgione, Eugenia; Portaro, Simona; Sanchez, Benigno Monteagudo; Boles, Richard G.; Papacostas, Savvas S.; Vikelis, Michail; Papanicolaou, Eleni Zamba; Dardiotis, Efthymios; Maqbool, Shazia; Ibrahim, Shahnaz Hamid; Kirmani, Salman; Rana, Nuzhat Noureen; Atawneh, Osama M.; Koutsis, Georgios; Breza, Marianthi; Mangano, Salvatore; Scuderi, Carmela; Morello, Giovanna; Stojkovic, Tanya; Zollo, M.; Heimer, Gali; Dauvilliers, Yves A.; Striano, Pasquale; Al-Khawaja, Issam; Al-Mutairi, Fuad; Sherifa, Hamed
    Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the most abundant amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ∼90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. Disruption of GAD1 results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, and as Gad1-/- mice die neonatally of severe cleft palate, it has not been possible to determine any potential neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, little is known about the consequence of GAD1 disruption in humans. Here we present six affected individuals from six unrelated families, carrying bi-allelic GAD1 variants, presenting with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by early-infantile onset epilepsy and hypotonia with additional variable non-CNS manifestations such as skeletal abnormalities, dysmorphic features and cleft palate. Our findings highlight an important role for GAD1 in seizure induction, neuronal and extraneuronal development, and introduce GAD1 as a new gene associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. © The Author(s) (2020). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.