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    Effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin on the Gill Phospholipid (PL) Subclass of Oreochromis niloticus
    (ABADER (Adıyaman Bilimsel Arastırmalar Dernegi), 2023) Yolcu, Murat; Satar, Elif İpek; Başhan, Mehmet; Kızmaz, Veysi
    Fatty acids have a crucial role in providing energy and performing essential functions in living organisms. Moreover, these substances exhibit the most significant alterations in their structure based on ecotoxicological parameters when viewed from a biochemical perspective. These bioactive chemicals are present in the cellular architecture. The study of these fatty acids, crucial for maintaining the integrity and permeability of cell membranes, holds great significance for all living organisms. Consequently, doing fatty acid analysis specifically at the phospholipid level holds significant importance. The impact of lambda cyhalothrin on the fatty acid content of several phospholipid subclasses (phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) in the gill tissue of O. niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) was assessed using gas chromatography. The alterations in the fatty acid composition was analyzed 21 days after exposure. Following the complete extraction of lipids from gill tissue, the tissue was subsequently separated into different subclasses of phospholipids using thin layer chromatography. The samples were subjected to methylation and then evaluated using Gas Chromatography to determine the percentage of the fatty acid. After doing the analysis, a grand total of 16 fatty acids were identified. The research revealed that the primary fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:0 of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated 18:1n-9, and polyunsaturated 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, and 22:6n-6. Upon analyzing the distribution of fatty acids, it was observed that PC, PE, and PI included 16:0, PE contained 18:1, PE and PS contained C18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6, and significant alterations in C22:6n-3 were detected in PE. Our investigation revealed that the n-3/n-6 ratio of fish in the PE subclass was the lowest when compared to PC, PI, and PS.
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    Effects of cypermethrin on serum biochemistry and liver histopathology of anabas testudineus
    (Islamic Azad University, 2024) Velmurugan, Babu; Satar, Elif İpek; Yolcu, Murat; Uysal, Ersin
    Cypermethrin is one of the most commonly used pesticides. In this study, the effects of cypermethrin on serum biochemistry and liver histology of Anabas testudineus were investigated. The fish have been exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin for the 7th, 14th, and 21st days and one control was considered. AST, ALT, and ALP showed concentration-and days-dependent increases in all experimental groups. Bilirubin levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in cypermethrin groups. No statistically significant difference in bilirubin levels was observed between the concentrations of 0.015 and 0.030 mg L-1 on days 7th and 14th. Protein levels decreased in response to cypermethrin on all days when compared to controls. Statistically significant differences in protein levels weren’t observed between all concentrations on days 7th and 14th and between concentrations of 0.015 and 0.030 mg L-1 on days 21st. Light microscopy revealed hepatocyte hypertrophy, sinusoidal dilation, granular degeneration, congestion, pycnosis, and focal necrosis in the liver. AST ALT, ALP, bilirubin, protein levels, and histopathology can be used as possible markers for biological monitoring and chemical risk assessment in aquatic organisms. © 2024, Islamic Azad University. All rights reserved.
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    Impact of diazinon standard on histopathological and ultrastructural properties on brain tissue of oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    (Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 2024) Uğurlu, Pelin; Satar, Elif İpek; Çiçek, Tarık
    In this study, the histopathological and ultrastructural alterations in the brain tissue of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to a sublethal concentration of diazinon standard for 21 days were determined. For this purpose, O. niloticus individuals were exposed to 280 µg/L (LC50/10) diazinon concentration for 21 days and on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of the exposure, the brain samples of these individuals were removed. After the histological and ultrastructural preparations of the brain samples, the prepared samples were evaluated with light and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Examination of the samples indicated that a sublethal dose of diazinon induced histopathological and ultrastructural modifications in the brain tissue of O. niloticus. The severity of these alterations was increased with the duration of the time. The most severe histopathological alteration was necrosis determined on the 14th and 21st days of exposure. However, histopathologically the most frequent changes were cloudy swelling, hypertrophy and pycnotic nucleus in the glial cells of the brain. Ultrastructurally, mitochondrial degeneration, cristolysis, axon and dendrite deformations were seen in the tissues. These ultrastructural findings showed that the sublethal concentration of diazinon disturbed the energy metabolism of the cells which might result in neurodegenerative dysfunction of O. niloticus brain.
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    Toxic effects of commercial grade indoxacarb and endosulfan on Gammarus kischineffensis (Schellenberg, 1937) (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2024) Uğurlu, Pelin; Satar, Elif İpek; Ünlü, Erhan
    This study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of two frequently used commercial insecticides containing endosulfan and indoxacarb on a freshwater amphipod Gammarus kischineffensis. In this context, the 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values of these pesticides were determined for G. kischineffensis. Then the histopathological effects of these pesticides on the gill tissues of this species were evaluated. At the end of the study, the 96 h LC50 values of commercial-grade endosulfan and indoxacarb for G. kischineffensis were determined as 1.861 μg L−1 and 20.212 mg L−1, respectively. Histopathologically, the most common histopathological alterations in individuals exposed to sublethal concentrations of commercial-grade endosulfan and indoxacarb were pillar cell hypertrophy resulting in atrophy of the hemocoelic space and hemocytic infiltration. Considering these results, it can be said that commercial-grade endosulfan is extremely and indoxacarb is slightly toxic to G. kischineffensis.