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Öğe Attitudes towards family planning in the Southeast Anatolian Project (SEAP) region of Turkey(Professional, Managerial & Healthcare Publications Ltd, 2005) Ozcirpici, B; Ozgur, S; Sahinoz, S; Bozkurt, AI; Sahinoz, T; Ilcin, E; Saka, GObjective To determine attitudes towards family size and last pregnancies in order to improve family planning services in the Southeast Anatolian Project (SEAP) region. Methods A questionnaire survey in the nine SEAP regional provinces was carried out under the auspices of the 'SEAP Public Health Project' from 2001 to 2002. The participants comprised 1756 women and 661 men from 1126 households. Results For men and women aged 15 years and over the median ideal number of children was three. The rate of unintended last pregnancies (43.1%) in the present study was very high compared to the national average of 18.8%. Some 30.1% of the last pregnancies were unwanted by either partner. Conclusions The number of pregnancies and children in this region is approximately twice as high as the ideal number. Families in the region are having more children than they want. Basic education must be given to women, particularly non-Turkish speakers, to improve their knowledge and use of family planning. Family planning education for men in rural areas also needs special attention.Öğe Breastfeeding beliefs and practices among migrant mothers in slums of Diyarbakir, Turkey, 2001(Oxford Univ Press, 2006) Ergenekon-Ozelci, P; Elmaci, N; Ertem, M; Saka, GBackground: A qualitative investigation and a population survey were conducted to explore the breastfeeding beliefs and practices of mothers who were forced to migrate from their original villages and were currently living in the slums of Diyarbakir in Turkey. Methods: Qualitative data collection on breast-feeding beliefs was conducted using in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews were tape-recorded. Quantitative data on breastfeeding practices were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: Mothers generally have a positive attitude towards breastfeeding, but colostrum is usually perceived negatively. No woman was found to feed her infant exclusively by breastfeeding. Only 9.9% of mothers initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. Forty per cent of mothers started solid foods before 4 months. Mother's education appeared as a significant factor influencing the introduction of colostrum to the newborn. Mothers with lower education generally believed that the colostrum should not be fed to the infant and that a pregnant woman's milk is unhealthy for the baby. There was also a belief that 'working under the sun' decreased the quality of milk of a mother. Conclusion: Cultural beliefs have a significant influence on breastfeeding practices. Some of these practices are potentially harmful to newborns. Health education programmes should address these beliefs and practices in culture sensitive ways.Öğe Breastfeeding patterns, beliefs and attitudes among Kurdish mothers in Diyarbakir, Turkey(Wiley, 2005) Saka, G; Ertem, M; Musayeva, A; Ceylan, A; Kocturk, TAim: The aim was to rapidly assess existing breastfeeding patterns, beliefs and attitudes in the province of Diyarbakir, a socio-economically disadvantaged region of Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional survey exploring demographic and breastfeeding patterns was carried out among 921 mothers with children 6-18 mo of age. Results were quantitatively analysed. Focus group interviews dealing with beliefs and attitudes were separately carried out among 107 mothers and analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results: Nearly all mothers had breastfed their infants at some time, but exclusive breastfeeding was rare. About 62.2% of the mothers had waited for at least 24 h before initiating breastfeeding. Almost half of the infants received sweetened water as a first feeding. There was agreement on the superiority of breastfeeding and awareness of its contraceptive effect. Early introduction of sugared water, water and supplementary feeds was considered desirable. Working in the fields and pregnancy were considered situations counteracting breastfeeding. Conclusion: The attitude to breastfeeding was highly positive, but more information is needed to encourage the use of colostrum, discourage early supplementation and promote exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 mo of life.Öğe Induced abortion and effecting factors of ever married women in the Southeast Anatolian Project Region, Turkey(Bmc, 2004) Bozkurt, AI; Özcirpici, B; Ozgur, S; Sahinoz, S; Sahinoz, T; Saka, G; Ceylan, ABackground: Nearly 10% of the population of Turkey lives in the Southeast Anatolian Project ( SEAP) region. The population growth rate and the rate of unintended pregnancies are high and family planning services are insufficient in this region. Lifetime induced abortion rate is also high in this region. Public health problems of the SEAP region were investigated in the SEAP Public Health Project in 2001 and 2002. As it is one of the most important health problems of the women living in this region; induced abortion was also investigated in this project. Methods: An optimumsample size representing the rural and urban area of the region ( n = 1150) was chosen by the State Institute of Statistics by a sampling method proportional to size. 1126 of the area's 1150 houses have been visited and data about induced abortions have been obtained by applying a questionnaire to 1491 ever married women who live in the region. Results: It has been found that 9.0% of these women who had at least one pregnancy in their life had at least one induced abortion. The lifetime induced abortion per 100 pregnancies was found to be 2.45. The primary reason given for induced abortions was wanting no more children ( 64.6%). Lifetime induced abortions were 5.3 times greater with women using a family planning method than women not using family planning methods. Lifetime induced abortions were 4.1 times greater with unemployed women than working women. Most of the women have used private doctors in order to have an induced abortion. Although 32.29% have not yet begun to use a contraceptive method after their last induced abortion, 43.75% of the women have since started to use an effective contraceptive method. 23.96% of them have begun to use an ineffective contraceptive method. Conclusions: Induced abortion is still an important problem at the SEAP region. The results of the study remind us that unemployed women and women who have more than four children is our target group in the campaign against induced abortions. Most of the women use private doctors in order to have an induced abortion. Thus, priority must be given to educate private gynecologists with respect to induced abortion. After induced abortions, a qualified family planning consultant can be given to women and they can be secured to use a suitable contraceptive method.Öğe Neonatal tetanus in the south-eastern region of Turkey(Oxford Univ Press, 2004) Ertem, M; Çakmak, A; Saka, G; Ceylan, ANeonatal tetanus is an important health problem with an estimated 500 000 deaths per year worldwide, particularly in developing countries. We analysed 56 cases of neonatal tetanus (NNT), retrospectively, who were admitted to Diyarbakir Children State Hospital between 1994 and 2001. In 1998 an intervention in a childcare intensive unit was conducted, which included a nurse education programme, increasing the number of nurses and other health staff, and more qualified management of cases. The mean age of patients was 7.9 days at admission, and the male:female ratio was 1:6. Eleven per cent of the cases had body weight under 2500 g. The mean hospitalization period was 9.9 days. All patients were born at home without medical help and 28.6 per cent were from urban areas. The case fatality rate that was formerly 88.5 per cent, decreased to 53.6 per cent by the intervention conducted in 1998. Based on our findings, we can say that improved hospitalization conditions and intensive care may reduce mortality. Enforcing preventive policies both in rural and urban areas is of great importance in the least developed regions.Öğe Patterns of active and passive smoking, and associated factors, in the South-east Anatolian Project (SEAP) region in Turkey(Bmc, 2006) Bozkurt, AI; Sahinöz, S; Özçirpici, B; Özgür, S; Sahinöz, T; Acemoglu, H; Saka, GBackground: Smoking is an important health threat in Turkey. This study aimed to determine the frequency of and main factors associated with smoking in persons of 15 years and over, and the frequency of passive smoking in homes in the South-east Anatolian Project (SEAP) Region in Turkey. Methods: A cross sectional design was employed. The sample was chosen by the State Institute of Statistics using a stratified cluster probability sampling method. 1126 houses representing the SEAP Region were visited. Questionnaires about tobacco smoking and related factors were applied to 2166 women and 1906 men ( of 15 years old and above) in their homes. Face-to-face interview methods were employed. Participants were classified as current, ex, and non-smokers. The presence of a regular daily smoker in a house was used as an indication of passive smoking. The chi-square andlogistic regressionanalysis methods were used for the statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of smoking, in those of 15 years and over, was 11.8% in women and 49.7% in men. The prevalence of current smokers was higher in urban (34.5%) than in rural (22.8%) regions. The mean of total cigarette consumption was 6.5 packs/year in women and 17.9 packs/year in men. There was at least one current smoker in 70.1% of the houses. Conclusion: Smoking is a serious problem in the South-eastern Anatolian Region. Male gender, middle age, a high level of education and urban residency were most strongly associated with smoking.Öğe Prevalence of Hepatitis C in adults in the south-eastern region of Anatolia(Wiley, 2004) Dursun, M; Özekinci, T; Ertem, M; Saka, G; Yilmaz, S; Canoruc, F; Çelenk, SAim: There is a limited number of studies on the general population about prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Turkey. The estimated prevalence of HCV in the Southeastern region of the country was obtained from the data of the blood donors. There is no study reflecting the general population of this region, leading us to plan this study. Material and method: Four provinces in the Southeastern Anatolia were randomly selected and sample sizes were determined by Epi Info Programme, and blood samples were collected from 2888 individuals. Questionnaires in which demographic information and probable risk factors for Hepatitis C were investigated and were applied on subjects who gave their consent to participate in the study. Anti-HCV was examined by using Cobas Core II immunochemistry system (Roche). All positive samples were further tested for the presence of HCV RNA by RT-PCR. Crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and Chi-square analyses were performed. Epi Info 2000 Programme was used to perform the analysis. Results: Of the 2888 individuals, 17 (0.6%) were anti-HCV positive and 13 (82%) of them were confirmed as positive for HCV-RNA. No difference was found between rural and urban regions with respect to HCV prevalence (P = 0.51). The prevalence of HCV in 35-44 years of age group was found to be different from those of the other age groups (P = 0.02). It was determined that the risk for HCV in this age group was 4.23 times (P = 0.02; OR = 4.23;1.02-20.15; CI 95%:) higher with a prevalence rate of 1.6%. In this age group, anti-HCV was positive in 6 male (2.4%) and 2 female (0.8%), of whom 7 were living in urban (2.2%) and 1 in rural area (0.5%). The overall prevalence of HCV was not found to be different for sex (P = 0.75). Similarly, there was no difference between the married and single individuals for the prevalence (P = 0.38). Anti-HCV positivity did not change for the level of education. We could not determine any factor that might play a role in transmission of HCV. Conclusion: This is the first population-based study to be performed in order to determine the prevalence of HCV in the south-eastern region of Anatolia (Turkey). This region has a low prevalence of HCV. The extremely rare prevalence of homosexuality and intravenous drug addiction might have a role in this low prevalence. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
