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Öğe Cannabinoids for SARS-CoV-2 and is there evidence of their therapeutic efficacy?(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council, 2021) Onay, Ahmet; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Süzerer, Veysel; Yener, İsmail; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Ayaz-Tilkat, Emine; Ekinci, Remzi; Bozhan, Nesrin; İrtegun-Kandemir, SevgiAbstract: To combat the coronaviruses and their novel variants, therapeutic drugs and the development of vaccines that are to be effective throughout human life are urgently needed. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) acts as a modulator in the activation of the microcirculation, immune system, and autonomic nervous system, along with controlling pharmacological functions such as emotional responses, homeostasis, motor functions, cognition, and motivation. The ECS contains endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptor (CBRs), and enzymes that regulate their biosynthesis, transport, and degradation. Moreover, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that mimic the action of endocannabinoids also play an essential role in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoids, the main constituents of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), are therapeutic compounds that have received international attention in the health field due to their therapeutic properties. Recently, they have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19 due to their antiviral properties. Indeed, cannabinoid-type compounds, and in particular cannabidiol (CBD), isolated from glandular trichomes found in the calyx of cannabis flowers with reported antiviral properties is hypothesized to be a therapeutic option in the ministration of SARS-CoV-2 consorted with COVID-19 disease. The relevant articles were determined from the database search published mainly in Web of Science, Google scholar, PubMed, Crossref, and ClinicalTrials.gov database during the pandemic period. The articles were evaluated for the therapeutic potentials, mechanisms of action of cannabinoids, the roles of the ECS in the immune system, impact of cannabinoids in SARS-CoV-2 septic, especially if they address the application of cannabinoids as drugs for the curability and management of SARSCoV-2 and its novel variants. Although the evidence needed to be considered using cannabinoids in the control and treatment of viral diseases is currently in its infancy, they already offer an opportunity for clinicians due to their effects in relieving pain, improving appetite, and improving childhood epilepsy, especially in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) patients. In addition to these, the most recent scientific evidence emphasizes their use in the treatment of the coronavirus infected patients. In brief, all preclinic and clinic studies that have been reported show that, through the cannabinoid system, cannabinoids, particularly CBD, have many mechanisms that are effective in the treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, more extensive studies are necessary in this area to fully identify the effects of cannabinoids on SARS-CoV-2.Öğe Enhanced production of anticancer triterpenoids in optimized Pistacia lentiscus L. callus cultures via methyl jasmonate and silver nitrate elicitation(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Tilkat, Engin; Süzerer, Veysel; Asan, Hilal Surmuş; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Demir, Elif; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Hoşer, Ayşe; Onay, AhmetPistacia lentiscus L. is a traditional medicinal plant from the Mediterranean region with a long history of use. Elicitor-based strategies have proven effective in enhancing the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) with therapeutic potential in callus cultures. In addition, optimizing callus cultures is crucial for the synthesis and stability of SMs production. In this study, we have successfully established practical and optimized callus cultures from the leaves and roots of the mastic tree. Full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium gave the highest callus growth, with the combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and kinetin (each at 1 mg/l) giving the most favourable results for both explant types (80 % and 84 % callus induction, respectively). Optimal culture conditions were determined to be a sucrose concentration of 15 g/l, a pH of 5.8, a temperature of 25 °C and light intensities of 20 μmol m−2 s−1 for roots and 80 μmol m−2 s−1 for leaves. It is interesting to note that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) positively affected callus biomass, whereas silver nitrate (AgNO3) had the opposite effect. Elicitation with AgNO3 and MeJA significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of anticancer triterpenoids, particularly ursonic acid (UA), ursolic acid (ULA), masticadienolic acid (MDLA), and oleanonic acid (ONNA). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a remarkable 26.71-fold and 3.4-fold increase in UA content in leaf and root calli treated with AgNO3, respectively. It is noteworthy that ULA, MDLA and ONNA were not present prior to elicitation but were detected after elicitation. The accumulation of anticancer triterpenoids in callus cultures generated from various P. lentiscus L. explants is first demonstrated in our research. In addition, this research demonstrates a structured methodology for the enhancement of the accumulation of anticancer triterpenoids during callus culture.Öğe Mass shoot proliferation of pistacia khinjuk stocks using temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS)(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2014) Tilkat, Engin; Süzerer, Veysel; Ersali, Yusuf; Hoşer, Ayşe; Kılınç, Fatih Mehmet; Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Akdemir, Hülya; Onay, AhmetA temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS), compared to semi-solid systems has many advantages such as (1) the system can be controlled by an automation system; (2) a greater number of explants could be used at the same time and (3) there is no need to use an organic gelling agent. In this study, we aimed to develop a method suitable for mass shoot proliferation of P. khinjuk Stocks. Shoot tips and nodal segments of in vitro grown axenic regenerates derived from seedlings of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were used as material. In both semi-solid and liquid medium experiments, an MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA and 30 g/L sucrose was used. Various immersion frequencies (2, 4, 8, 16 or 20 h) and immersion times (5, 10 or 15 min) were tested on the TIS system. Repeated trials for immersion frequencies at short time intervals (10 min/2 h, 10 min/4 h etc.) showed hyper hydrated explants up to 100%, while this problem was not observed in immersions with relatively longer time intervals (10 min/20 h). The highest shoot forming capacity index (3.12) and the minimum hyper hydration rate (8%) were obtained in shoot tips with 10 min immersion frequency every 16 h. The protocol presented here, presents the initial stage of mass propagation of P. khinjuk Stocks cultures.Öğe Sakız ağacının (Pistacia Lentiscus L. ) Juvenil ve olgun eksplantlarının mikroçoğaltımı, kriyoprezervasyonu ve genetik kararlılığının belirlenmesi(2014) Tilkat, Engin; Onay, Ahmet; Çiftçi, Yelda Özden; Çalar, Nazan; Akdemir, Ömer Faruk; Binici, Mahir; Süzerer, Veysel[Abstract Not Available]
