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    THE CHANGE OF SHEAR FORCE AND ENERGY OF COTTON STALK DEPEND ON KNIFE TYPE AND SHEAR ANGLE
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2018) Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Esgici, Reat; Elicin, A. Konuralp; Sessiz, Abdullah
    The shear force and energy values of biological materials are very important data for suitable design of a cutting and pruning machines and related equipment. The objective of this study was to determine shearing force and shearing energy of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stalk at different shoots diameter as a function of knife type and knife edge angle. Dependent variables were maximum cutting force and cutting energy. The samples were obtained from the cotton experimental field at vegetation season for each plot. A universal test machine was used to measure the cutting force and the energy. The cutting energy was calculated by measuring the surface area under the cutting force-deformation curve. As a result, the main effect of the knife edge angle on the cutting force and energy were found significant. The best and minimal results were determined at serrated 2 knife types to be 69.61 N and 25.61 Ncm, respectively, followed by the serrated 1 and flat knife. The highest values were observed at flat knife type. Nevertheless, the cutting force and cutting energy increased with an increase in the knife edge angle from 50 degrees to 90 degrees. The maximum values were obtained at 90 degrees both cutting force and cutting energy. At this angle, while the maximum cutting force and cutting energy were determined to be 93.18 N and 31.60 Ncm, respectively. The main minimum values were obtained at 50 degrees angle. Cutting force and energy values of cotton stalk were found highly correlated with the stalk diameter. Cutting force and energy increased with increase diameter of stalk. The maximum cutting force and cutting energy were obtained at 29.20 mm(2) cross-sectional area as 102.30 N and 41.97 Ncm, respectively, while the minimum values of cutting force and cutting energy were obtained at 13.84 mm(2) cross-sectional area as 47.28 N and 16.76 Ncm, respectively.
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    CORRELATION BETWEEN RICE STEM CUTTING RESISTANCE AND CRACKING FORCE OF RICE KERNEL
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Esgici, Resat; Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Sessiz, Abdullah
    Two important rice varieties, Karacadag Karakilcik (dark) and Karacadag Beyaz (white) rice varieties are grown in the upper Mesopotamia region in Southeastern Turkey. Although the physical and mechanical characteristics of these rice varieties are different from each other, they are harvested using the same combine-harvester and thresher. Thus, high kernel losses and energy consumption occur during the harvesting stage. The rice stem cutting and kernel cracking properties have to be known for each variety for reducing grain losses and energy consumption. The exact knowledge of rice stem cutting energy and kernel cracking energy are the main parameters for optimizing design of cutting elements in harvesting, threshing, sorting, transporting and milling machines. The purpose of this study was to compare the relationships between rice stem cutting properties and kernel cracking force under load position for two local rice varieties of Karacadag Karakilcik and Karacadag Beyaz. The experiments in this study were conducted at stem moisture contents of 70.81 %, 41.60 % and 7.5 w.b, and kernel moisture contents of 24.10 %, 19.30 % and 8.7 % w.b. The cutting energy of stems were examined at three internode positions as lower (IN1), medium (IN2) and higher (IN3) mm down from the panicles for Karacadag Karakilcik and Karacadag Beyaz rice varieties. The stem cutting and kernel cracking forces were measured via Llyood Universal Testing Machine. The results indicate that the energy requirement of Karacadag Karakilcik variety is greater than that of the Karacadag Beyaz variety. Differences with regard to the cracking force and energy were determined between the horizontal and vertical sides. The cracking force of rice at horizontal orientation was determined to be higher than the cracking force at vertical orientation.
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    CUTTING PARAMETERS OF SOME GRAPE VARIETIES SUBJECT TO THE DIAMETER AND AGE OF CANES
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Esgici, Resat; Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Ozdemir, Gultekin; Guzel, Emin; Sessiz, Abdullah
    Grape is an important product for the economy of Turkey and it will continue to play an important role in worldwide grape production due to its large number of varieties, favorable ecological conditions and large production areas. However, pruning and harvesting of grape berries are performed manually with a labor intensive procedure. Therefore, production cost is very high and labor efficiency is low in vineyards. However, pruning and harvesting are the most critical operations in vineyard management. Information regarding the cutting of canes of different grape varieties is very important for a proper harvest machine design as well as the efficient use of energy. In this study, cutting force and cutting energy were measured by considering the factors of grape canes diameter and age of canes. One and two year old grape canes from the Genc Mehmet, Bogazkere and Okuzgozu local varieties were used as experimental material. The canes were obtained from a commercial vineyard in the Diyarbakir province located in southeastern Turkey. Lloyd, LRX plus series, materials testing machine was used for cutting tests. Statistically significant differences were determined between the cutting properties of grape varieties. The cutting force and cutting energy increased with increasing diameter and age of canes.
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    DEVELOPMENT OF A SMART SPRAYER FOR EFFECTIVE APPLICATION IN VINEYARDS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Guler, Huseyin
    The reasons for wanting to decrease pesticide use in agricultural spraying applications can be listed as decreasing pesticide costs (thereby decreasing production costs) and decreasing environmental pollution (thereby decreasing the harmful effects on the environment and natural life). The objective of this study was to detect the vineyard plant, calculate its foliage volume and generate a system that adjusts the spraying amount based on the calculated volume. For this purpose, laser sensor, solenoid valves, pressure regulators and electronic cards were used to make the required modifications on the commercially produced air-assisted orchard sprayer. The trials were carried out using advanced smart spraying system with different artificial vineyard plants representing 3 different development stages of the vineyard plant. The machine developed in the study was compared with a conventional type sprayer in terms of the amount of fluid sprayed and their performance. It was observed as a result of the trials made that up to 50% less fluid was sprayed with the smart rate spraying system especially for the artificial vineyard plant representing the flowering period. In addition, better tracer deposit amounts, greater cover-age rates, and less drift amount were attained with the smart rate spraying system in comparison with the conventional machine.
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    SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max) STEMS AND SEEDS
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2017) Ozturk, Ferhat; Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Esgici, Resat; Elicin, A. Konuralp
    Harvesting is the most important operation in soybean production. To develop a new harvesting machine with any cutting system, we have to exactly know cutting properties of stems and seeds. Firstly, the design of the machine was based on cutting properties. This study was carried out to evaluate the stem cutting properties and mechanical behavior under compression load of soybean grains (Glycine max L.). This research was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey. The soybean cultivar, SA-88, used for this study. It was obtained from the local a commercial farm in Diyarbakir Province, Turkey. In this research, Cutting force (CF), cutting strength and cutting energy (CE) for stems and seeds were measured by considering cross sectional area at during the harvesting season in year 2016. Cutting properties of soybean stems and compression properties of seeds were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. The highest pod cracking force was observed as 13.43 N at vertical orientation, while the least value of cracking force was determined as 4.59 N at horizontal position. According to Tukey's multiple range tests, the internodes effects were not found significant effect on seed force and energy. The average cracking force and energy were obtained as 146. 62 N and 10.05 N.cm, respectively. Cutting force values increased linearly with the increase in stem diameters.