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    Chipped stone assemblages of Kortik Tepe (Turkey)
    (Elsevier, 2018) Kartal, Metin; Kartal, Gizem; Coskun, Aytac; Carter, Tristan; Sahin, Feridun; Ozkaya, Vecihi
    Kortik Tepe is a low mound on the Tigris in Southeastern Turkey, dated to the end of the 11th and the 10th millennia BC. The lithic assemblage from the earliest level at Kortik Tepe is late epi-Palaeolithic in character, and dates to the Younger Dryas. The levels above are dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A [PPNA] period, strata that produced rich lithic industries, hundreds of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic decorated stone vessels, un-decorated stone vessels, decorated ritual bone objects, thousands of marine shell beads and several kinds of stone beads, animal decorated stone plaques, bone tools, bone fishing hooks, perforated stones large and small in size, and many kinds of mortars and pestles. This paper represents the first detailed report of Kortik Tepe's chipped stone assemblages.
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    Local trend of symbolism at the dawn of the Neolithic: The painted bone plaquettes from PPNA Kortiktepe, Southeast Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Siddiq, Abu B.; Sahin, Feridun S.; Ozkaya, Vecihi
    The PPNA site of Kortiktepe in the Upper Tigris Basin yielded one of the richest Pre-Pottery Neolithic assemblages in Western Asia. The site also stands among a few key Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic transitional centers that played vital roles in the origin and evolution of Neolithic symbolism in Upper Mesopotamia. The site was occupied from the second half of the 11th millennium BCE, and throughout much of the 10th millennium BCE the sedentary hunter-gatherers at Kortiktepe engaged in a socio-symbolic organization with elaborate funerary practice and extensive manufacture of symbolic artifacts, including figurative plaquettes, engraved stone vessels, incised shaft straighteners with elaborate designs, scepters, and large assemblages of beads, mostly unearthed from c2000 intra-site burials. No other PPN site has yielded such an extensive number of burial remains and grave goods. Here, we present a group of painted bone plaquettes displaying morphological features and some imagery so far not seen at any other Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Western Asia. Assessing the specimens in light of the wider symbolic practices among the first Neolithic societies, we argue that Kortiktepe was an important center of symbolic trend at the dawn of the Neolithic in the Upper Tigris Basin.
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    Networks and Neolithisation: sourcing obsidian from Kortik Tepe (SE Anatolia)
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2013) Carter, Tristan; Grant, Sarah; Kartal, Metin; Coskun, Aytac; Ozkaya, Vecihi
    This paper details the use of obsidian sourcing to reconstruct networks of interaction (or 'communities of practice') amongst populations of south-eastern Anatolia and the Near East in the context of 'Neolithisation' during the late 11th-early 10th millennia BC. EDXRF was used to elementally characterise 120 artefacts of Epi-Palaeolithic - Pre-Pottery Neolithic A date from Kortik Tepe in south-eastern Anatolia. Four eastern Anatolian sources are represented, mainly Bingal A/B and Nemrut Dag, plus the first evidence for the use of Mus obsidian. When the source data is integrated with the artefacts' techno-typological attributes it is possible to locate the assemblage within an Upper Tigris tradition (with some interesting local differences), which stands in stark contrast to contemporary practices in northern Mesopotamia and the Levant. These local and regional distinctions support recent views of the Neolithic being much more heterogeneous, with a 'mosaic' of community-specific/local traditions of subsistence practices, raw material choices and lithic technologies during the Younger Dryas-Early Holocene. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Re-presenting the Past Evidence from Daily Practices and Rituals at Kortik Tepe
    (Univ Press Colorado, 2018) Benz, Marion; Alt, Kurt W.; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Sahin, Feridun S.; Ozkaya, Vecihi
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    Subsistence strategies and vegetation development at Aceramic Neolithic Kortik Tepe, southeastern Anatolia, Turkey
    (Springer, 2018) Roessner, Corinna; Deckers, Katleen; Benz, Marion; Ozkaya, Vecihi; Riehl, Simone
    With the advent of sedentism, or living in permanent settlements, a new way of life began. The hunter and gatherers' well established subsistence strategy of thousands of years slowly moved towards farming, beginning with herding and cultivation and leading to the domestication of animals and plants. The Aceramic Neolithic site of Kortik Tepe in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, provides insight into a permanent settlement of hunters and gatherers at the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Early Holocene. Archaeobotanical investigations at the site including charcoal studies provide new information about the origins of agriculture in the northern Fertile Crescent. With the start of the Younger Dryas, there was an opening up of the oak woodland, which may have allowed widespread dense stands of annual, especially small-seeded grasses and riverine taxa to grow and thus provide staple foods for the inhabitants of Kortik Tepe. With the beginning of the Early Holocene, the oak woodland spread again and replaced these open grass-dominated stands, and the people of Kortik Tepe seem to have then favoured large-seeded grasses, nuts and legumes. Riverine taxa and a large diversity of edible plants were used for subsistence in both time periods. Increasing numbers of chaff remains and weeds in the Early Holocene samples suggest small-scale cultivation of the wild progenitors of cereals and pulses.