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    Analysis of the effects of maturation treatments on the probabilities of somatic embryo germination and plantlet regeneration in pistachio using a linear logistic method
    (Springer, 2000) Onay, A; Jeffree, CE; Theobald, C; Yeoman, MM
    Embryogenic masses (EMSes) of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) were proliferated in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators. To determine the effects of benzylaminopurine (BAP), racemic (+/-) abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose treatments during maturation on the subsequent germination and plantlet regeneration, clusters of mature somatic embryos were transferred from maturation medium onto the surface of 0.7% agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog medium. Neither germination nor plantlet development medium contained BAP or ABA. Germination studies were carried out using 80 somatic embryos at every combination of four sucrose concentrations, three maturation periods and either five concentrations of BAP or four of ABA, and the numbers germinating were recorded after four durations of culture. A similar experimental plan was used to study plantlet regeneration. The number of germinated somatic embryos increased markedly with duration of the culture on germination medium, and was influenced by the concentrations of BAP or ABA in the maturation medium; the concentration of sucrose in this medium had little influence. Plantlet regeneration also increased with culture duration and was reduced at the highest levels of BAP or ABA; with ABA, the probability of plantlet regeneration was lower for longer maturation periods. ABA and BAP have similar effects on somatic embryo germination (except at the highest levels used), but BAP is superior to ABA for promoting subsequent plantlet regeneration. Linear logistic models were used to investigate the significance of the treatments, and to estimate the optimum conditions for germination and plantlet regeneration.
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    In vitro micrografting of mature pistachio (Pistacia vera var. Siirt)
    (Springer, 2004) Onay, A; Pirinç, V; Yildirim, H; Basaran, D
    The success of various in vitro micrografting methods of shoot tips of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. var. Siirt) have been examined. Excised zygotic embryos that germinated in vitro were used as rootstocks. Current year shoot tips from mature trees of pistachio micrografted onto in vitro juvenile rootstocks, resulted in the restoration of shoot-bud proliferation. Variables tested include a size of microscion, grafting method, effects of culture medium and effects of time of the year at which shoot tips were used. The results indicate that the easiest and most successful method for grafting was slit micrografting. High levels of micrograft take were achieved with 2-4 mm (56.75%) and 4-6 mm (79.25%) long scions obtained from the regenerated shoot tips. The survival rate of the shoot tips was directly related to time of the year. The best growth of microscion was obtained with the in vitro forced shoot tips rather than with shoot tips excised from tree. Slow growth and lack of axillary shoot development on the micrografts was noticeable when the micrografts were cultured on hormone-free and germination medium. In vitro micrografted plantlets were successfully weaned and no problems were encountered with the establishment of micrografted plants in vivo.
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    In vitro propagation of khinjuk pistachio (Pistacia khinjuk stocks) through seedling apical shoot tip culture
    (Sejani Publ, 2005) Tilkat, E; Isikalan, C; Onay, A
    An efficient method was developed for in vitro propagation of Pistacia khinjuk (khinjuk pistachio). Shoot cultures were established from aseptically germinated seedlings of khinjuk pistachio. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with Gamborg's vitamins containing 30 g P sucrose, 100 mg l(-1) I-ascorbic acid, 1 mg l(-1) BA and 7 g l(-1) agar resulted in multiple shoot initiation at the rate of 7.25 +/- 0.95 shoots per explant in 28 days of culture. Efficient rooting was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l(-1) IBA. The in vitro raised plants were acclimatized in a growth room and transplanted to the field successfully. The method described will be useful for rapid multiplication of khinjuk pistachio for commercial exploitation.
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    Micropropagation of Pistachio from mature trees
    (Kluwer Academic Publ, 2000) Onay, A
    Multiple shoots were induced from nodal segments of mature trees of Pistacia vera L. on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzylaminopurine (BA). Maximum shoot production was obtained from shoot tips taken from in vitro proliferated shoots when cultured on solidified MS medium containing 8.8 mu M BA. The multiplication rate was 20 microshoots per explant on the 30th day. Rooting of microshoots was achieved in MS medium supplemented with indole butyric acid (IBA). Rooted plantlets reassumed independent growth after a short period of acclimatisation. Stable regenerated plants were established in the greenhouse.
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    Somatic embryogenesis of pistachio from female flowers
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2004) Onay, A; Pirinç, V; Tilkat, E; Aktürk, Z; Yildirim, H
    Induction of somatic embryogenesis from the flower buds of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) was studied with respect to growth regulators. Sixty-five percent of cultures formed embryogenic calli when placed on modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 mg l(-1) benzylaminopurine. In contrast, thidiazuron and a-naphthalene acetic acid reduced embryogenesis. Some of the somatic embryos had fused hypocotyls or multiple cotyledons. Abscisic acid was not necessary for maturation. Fewer somatic embryos germinated with 0.5 mg l(-1) abscisic acid, but more converted into plantlets. Separate, morphologically normal, somatic embryos germinated on semi-solid germination medium, and developed into plantlets. Cytological analysis revealed a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 30, similar to seedlings. The protocol described in this paper, for the induction of somatic embryos indirectly from female flowers of pistachio, represents a first step towards the production of clonal stocks.