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    Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) essential oil
    (2010) Kizil S.; Haşimi N.; Tolan V.; Kilinç E.; Karataş H.
    The essential oil of hyssop is widely used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries throughout the world. Therefore, it is very important to know the chemical characteristics of the oil for economic use and enhanced performance of the end products. This study was carried out to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis (L.) (Lamiaceae) collected from wild in the Southeast Anatolian, Turkey. Chemical compositions of hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from hyssop leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion tests were carried out on Escherichia coli line ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeroginosa line ATCC27853, Staphylococcus aureus line 25923, Staphylococcus pyogenes line ATCC19615 and Candida albicans line ATCC10231, and the antioxidant activity was determined by using the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging method. It was determined that hyssop essential oil contained isopinocamphone (57.27%), (-)-?-pinene (7.23%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (7.13%), pinocarvone (6.49%), carvacrol (3.02%), p-cymene (2.81%) and myrtenal (2.32%) as major components. As shown by treatments with 5 and 10 ?l of oil; which exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against S. pyogenes, S. aureus, C. albicans and E. coli, but not against P. aeruginosa. The antioxidant activity of H. officinalis essential oil was lower compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid. These results demonstrated that hyssop essential oil has relatively low antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial activity against some test organisms.
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    Determination of the best herbage yield and hypericin content of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) under semi arid climatic conditions
    (2013) Kizil S.; Inan M.; Kirici S.
    St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times, it contains several natural products with noteworthy biological activities. There is no clear information about harvesting time yield and yield components of St. John's Wort as the plants are collected from wild. Therefore, this research aimed to determine ontogenetic (pre-flowering, full flowering and post-flowering periods) and morphogenetic (bottom, middle and top parts) variations in herb yield and hypericin content of St. John's Wort under Diyarbakir ecological conditions during the 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07 growing seasons. Fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield and hypericin content were recorded. Ontogenetic x morphogenetic interaction resulted in statistically significant effects on yield characteristics and hypericin contents. The plant was not harvested during the seedling year; whereas fresh herb yields in second and third year ranged 2721 to 5607 kg ha-1 and 2196 to 3955 kg ha-1 respectively; while dry leaf yield in the second year varied ranged 323 to 1555 kg ha-1 and in the third year 161 to 928 kg ha-1, hypericin content in the second and third year varied between 0.022 to 0.093% and 0.018 to 0.065% depending on parts of the plant. Hypericin content varied according to different parts of the plant, and the maximum value of 0.093% was obtained from the top part of the plants at the full flowering period. The results showed that there is a relationship between dry leaf yield and hypericin content of the plant parts and development stages of the plant.
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    Direct bulblet regeneration from Sternbergia fischeriana (Herb.) Rupr. bulb scale explants
    (SEJANI Ltd., 2014) Kizil S.; Khawar K.M.; Altuntas C.; Saglam S.
    Attractive golden yellow flowered Sternbergia fischeriana (Herb.) Rupr. multiplies very slow under natural conditions. The study reports multiplication of plants using 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm long bulb scale explants with two, three, four, and five scales attached by a thin base plate segment. Any concentration of 2,4-D 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mg l-1 in MS medium was ineffective to induce bulblet regeneration on any explant at 15° ± 1°C. Discursive induction of one or two 0.1 cm diameter bulblets was noted at 24 ± 1°C on 0.5 cm long twoscale explants. Variable regeneration was observed on 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm long two-scale explants on MS basal medium containing combination of BAP and 0.2 mg l-1 NAA. Maximum number of 5.0 ± 0.5 bulblets per 0.5 cm long two-scale bulb explant was obtained on MS medium containing 8.5 mg l-1 BAP plus 0.20 mg l-1 NAA. The rooting as affected by the size of bulblet was achieved on MS medium containing 0.75 mg l-1 NAA. The highest rooting was recorded on 0.47 cm diameter bulblets with 4.3 ± 0.9 roots per bulblet and 3.7 ± 0.4 cm long roots.
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    Effect of different row distances on some agronomical characteristics and essential oil composition of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)
    (2008) Kizil S.; Kirici S.; Sönmez Ö.
    The study reports determination of appropriate row distances and its effect on agronomical characteristics and essential oil composition of cumin. The results indicated that the highest yields in terms of seed and essential oil were obtained from 20 and 30 cm row distances. Essential oil content ranged between 2.42 and 3.20 %. p-mentha-1,4-dien-7-al content was determined with range of 16.46-27.73 %.
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    The effects of plant growth regulators and incubation temperatures on germination and bulb formation of Fritillaria persica l.
    (SEJANI Ltd., 2014) Kizil S.; Khawar K.M.
    Fritillaria persica L. with large attractive flowers is native to Western Asian countries of the Middle East including Turkey. Wild populations of this species have shown sharp decrease during last few decades due to habitat destruction for number of socio-economical and anthropological reasons. F. persica is propagated through bulbs and seeds. The seeds have significantly high dormancy such that few seeds germinate under natural conditions. Therefore, this study developed a seed dormancy break protocol using MS medium containing variants of BAP with and without IBA incubated at 4°C in dark. Maximum seed dormancy break (80.00 ± 0.14%) was registered on MS medium enriched with 2.0 mg l-1 BAP plus 1.0 mg l-1 IBA and maximum bulblet induction (40.0 0 ± 0.71) was noted on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 BAP plus 1.0 mg l-1 IBA. Similarly, alternating incubation temperatures of 4° and 10°C for variable durations in days influenced seed germination and bulblet induction variably with 100% seed germination and bulblet induction at 75 days incubation at 4°C followed by 15 days incubation at 10°C. The results also suggested that minimum incubation period of 30 days at 4°C followed by incubation at 10°C for 60 days was required to break seed dormancy. The increase in bulblet diameter was achieved on MS medium containing 50 mg l-1 sucrose by incubating the bulblets at 4°C for 30 days. Rooting of the Fritillaria bulblets was obtained on MS medium enriched with 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. This propagation method could be exploited practically avoiding any seasonal constraints to obtain plant material and suggests a positive step further for in vitro propagation of F. persica.
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    Genotoxicity of essential oil of thymbra spicata l. var spicata in salmonella/microsome and sos chromotest
    (2009) Tolan V.; Kizil S.; Özdemir S.; Demirci O.
    Essential oils are concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants, which are called aromatic herbs or aromatic plants. Various essential oils and their monoterpenoid constituents have been widely used as fragrances in cosmetics, as flavouring food additives, and as scenting agents in a variety of household products. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mutagenic potential of essential oil of Thymbr? spic?t? L. var spic?t? by S?lmonell?/ mic?osome assay TA98 and TA100 tester strains, and also SOS chromotest with E.coli PQ37 strain, with and without addition of an S9 metabolic activation mixture. The essential oil of T. spic?t? L. var spic?t? showed weakly mutagenic activity on both strains of Salmonella either without or with S9 mixture. No mutagenicity was found in the SOS chromotest either with or without S9 mixture. These results indicate a weak mutagenicity of the essential oil of Thymbra spicata in vitro.
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    Improved in vitro propagation of Hyacinthus orientalis L. using fruits containing immature zygotic embryos and tender leaf sheath as explants
    (Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2016) Kizil S.; Sesiz U.; Khawar K.M.
    Hyacinthus genus is an important group of ornamental plants that bear white, yellow, pink, red or purple coloured flowers. It has about 2000 species spread around the world that are grown commercially. Although, plant occurs naturally in Turkey yet efforts have not been made to adapt it for open field cultivation. There is need to transfer and es-tablish these plants from wild to fields for commercial use through in vitro and ex vitro approaches, that will help local economy profitably. This study reports in vitro culture of Hyacinthus orientalis L. subsp. orientalis; using fruits containing immature zygotic em-bryos cultured on MS medium containing varying concentrations of Thidiazuron (TDZ) with and without 0.2 mg l-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) supplemented with 20 or 40 g l-1 sucrose. The study also reports induction of bulblets on tender leaf sheaths on MS medi-um containing different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.1 mg l-1 NAA supplemented with 30 g l-1 sucrose. The maximum bulblet regeneration (40%) with 31.33 bulblets/explant was noted on MS medium containing 0.15 mg l-1 TDZ supple-mented with 40 g l-1 sucrose. Whereas, the best bulblet regeneration on tender leaf sheath explants was noted on 1.5 mg l-1 BAP + 0.1 mg l-1 NAA with 2.97 bulblets per explant of 0.55 cm bulb diameter and 1.20 leaves per bulblet. These bulblets were cultured singly on MS medium containing 20 mg l-1 GA3 (Gibberellic acid) + 50 g l-1 sucrose and attained a diameter of 0.75-1.00 cm in 30 days time. The bulbs regenerated on both explants were successfully rooted and acclimatised in plant growth chamber using peat moss followed by their transfer to open field conditions. © by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie, Lublin 2016.
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    Influence of different harvest times on the yield and oil composition of spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. spicata)
    (WFL Publisher Ltd., 2006) Kizil S.; Tonçer Ö.
    The study reports determination of appropriate harvest time and its effect on essential oil composition of spearmint. The results indicated that the highest yield in terms of fresh herbage, dry herbage and dry leaf was obtained when harvesting was done after full flowering stage. However, the highest essential oil content was obtained at full flowering stage. Carvone with range of 48.6-57.9%, ?-cymene with range of 9.6-20.5% and 1,8-cineole with range of 14.6-19.3% were determined as major components of spearmint essential oil.
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    Some agronomic characteristics and essential oil composition of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under cultivation conditions
    (Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2016) Kizil S.; Güler V.; Kirici S.; Turk M.
    Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is an aromatic and medicinal perennial herb native to Southern Europe and temperate regions of Asia. The study aimed to determine the effect of different plant parts harvested at different flowering stages: pre-flowering, full-flowering and post-flowering, in some agronomical characteristics, essential oil yield and components of hyssop plant in semi-arid climatic conditions of South Eastern Anatolia, Diyarbakir, Turkey. The results showed that both flowering stages and plant parts had important effects on fresh, dry herbage, dry leaf yield of hyssop, as well as essential oil content. It was concluded that under semi-arid climatic conditions, hyssop plant could be grown successfully in conformity to the limits of ISO standards and harvest from top parts of the plants at full flowering stage could be preferred for maximum dry leaf yield and essential oil contents. © Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie, Lublin 2016.