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    Identification and quantification of phenolic and volatile constituents in five different Anatolian thyme species using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, with biological activities
    (Elsevier, 2021) Boga, Mehmet; Ozkan, Esra Eroglu; Ersoy, Ezgi; Tuncay, Eyyup; Canturk, Yeter Yesil; Cinar, Ercan; Kara, Emel Mataraci
    Being widely used in the food industry, thyme is one of the most valuable plants in many aspects, and Turkey is one of the hotspots for thyme industry. Five thyme species, Thymus convolutus (endemic), Thymus fallax, Thymus haussknechtii Velen (endemic), Thymus kotschyanus var. kotschyanus, and Thymus sipyleus from Turkey were subjected in this study. Their essential oils and the extracts of aerial and root parts were obtained. GC-MS analyses showed that camphor was the major compound in T. convolutus (12.7%), and in T. sipyleus (13.1%) essential oils. The major volatile compound of T. fallax was bicyclogermacrene (21.5%), whereas the T. kotschyanus var. kotschyanus essential oil showed a predominance of carvacrol (48.5%), and thymol (22.5%). Carvacrol was also the major compound of T. haussknechtii with 28.2%. LC-MS/MS analyses showed that nicotiflorin (293.28-4201.15 mu g/mL), caffeic (516.41-851.28 mu g/mL), quinic (344.37-4410.94 mu g/mL), rosmarinic (1800.18-9631.71 mu g/mL), and fumaric acid (350.88-682.10 mu g/mL) were detected as the main compounds in the extracts. All extracts exerted strong antioxidant activity, and the highest radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by T. haussknechtii root extract. T. convolutus and T. haussknechtii aerial parts extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis at MIC of 19.53 mu g/mL. The extracts were found to be nontoxic against COLO205 and KM12 human colon, and UO-31, and A498 human renal cell lines. Their enzyme inhibitory activities were also evaluated against cholinesterase, tyrosinase and urease enzymes and T. fallax aerial part extract was the most effective with 34.48 +/- 0.60% in antibutyrylcholinesterase activity. These species with strong antioxidant and antifungal properties and no toxicity could be beneficial to be used as preservatives in the food processing industry.
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    Öğe
    LC-MS/MS analyses of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. from Turkey: Antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial and, anticancer activities
    (Istanbul Univ, Fac Pharmacy, 2020) Ozkan, Esra Eroglu; Boga, Mehmet; Yilmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Kara, Emel Mataraci; Yesil, Yeter
    Background and Aims: Ziziphora clinopodioides is one of the wild edible species used in Turkish folk medicine. The study was aimed to investigate the phenolic compounds of the extracts as well as the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial activities, and anticancer potential. Methods: LC-MS/MS was used to determine phenolic compounds; antioxidant potential was evaluated by using radical scavenging assays; enzyme inhibition assays were used for anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, and urease activities; antimicrobial activities were performed by microdilution method; and XTT bioassay was used for testing anticancer potential. Results: The LC-MS/MS results indicate that quinic acid (9020.51 +/- 73.97 mu g/g; 14721.04 +/- 120.71 mu g/g, respectively) is the major compound, malic acid (1972.95 +/- 22.29 mu g/g; 2179.04 +/- 24.62 mu g/g, respectively) and rhoifolin (1044.74 +/- 98.31 mu g/g; 3593.31 +/- 338.13 mu g/g, respectively) are the abundant compounds in aerial and root extracts. The antioxidant activity results showed that the aerial parts extract has stronger ABTS cation radical and DPPH free radical scavenging activity than the root extract with 40.90 +/- 0.19 mu g/mL, and 94.27 +/- 0.64 mu g/mL IC50 values, respectively. The extracts showed moderate cupric reducing activity with 1.74 absorbance value at 100 mu g/mL. Only the aerial parts extract exhibited weak tyrosinase inhibition (8.60 +/- 0.87%) compared with kojic acid (95.26 +/- 0.23%) at 200 mu g/mL. No activity was observed in urease and anticholinesterase enzymes. Both extracts exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis with 39.06 mu g/mL MIC values. The extracts didn't show cytotoxic activity against Renal (A498, UO-31) and Colo (COLO205, KM12) cell lines, also there is no metastatic potential of the extracts against osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63.3, MG63). Conclusion: Z. clinopodioides has rich phytochemical constituents with powerful health benefits, and doesn't have any harmful effect on the body.