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    Anatolian medicinal plants as potential antiviral agents: bridging traditional knowledge and modern science in the fight against COVID-19 and related viral infections
    (TUBITAK, 2024) Tilkat, Engin; Jahan, Israt; Hoşer, Ayşe; Kaplan, Alevcan; Özdemir, Oğuzhan; Onay, Ahmet
    The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was the cause of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), commonly known as the coronavirus pandemic. Since December 2020, COVID-19 vaccines have been extensively administered in numerous countries. In addition to new antiviral medications, the treatment regimen encompasses symptom management. Despite sustained research efforts, the outbreak remains uncontrolled, with affected patients still lacking proper treatment. This review is a valuable asset for researchers and practitioners aiming to delve into the yet unexplored potential of Anatolian flora in the fight against COVID-19 and other viral infections. Numerous medicinal plants in Anatolia, such as thyme, sage, cannabis, oregano, licorice root, and Origanum sp., contain bioactive compounds with proven antiviral properties that have been used in the region for centuries. The rich legacy of traditional Anatolian medicine (TAM), has significantly influenced modern medicine; thus, the profusion of medicinal plants native to Anatolia holds promise for antiviral drug development, making this review essential for researchers and practitioners.
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    Enhanced production of anticancer triterpenoids in optimized Pistacia lentiscus L. callus cultures via methyl jasmonate and silver nitrate elicitation
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Tilkat, Engin; Süzerer, Veysel; Asan, Hilal Surmuş; Ertaş, Abdulselam; Demir, Elif; Yılmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Hoşer, Ayşe; Onay, Ahmet
    Pistacia lentiscus L. is a traditional medicinal plant from the Mediterranean region with a long history of use. Elicitor-based strategies have proven effective in enhancing the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) with therapeutic potential in callus cultures. In addition, optimizing callus cultures is crucial for the synthesis and stability of SMs production. In this study, we have successfully established practical and optimized callus cultures from the leaves and roots of the mastic tree. Full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium gave the highest callus growth, with the combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and kinetin (each at 1 mg/l) giving the most favourable results for both explant types (80 % and 84 % callus induction, respectively). Optimal culture conditions were determined to be a sucrose concentration of 15 g/l, a pH of 5.8, a temperature of 25 °C and light intensities of 20 μmol m−2 s−1 for roots and 80 μmol m−2 s−1 for leaves. It is interesting to note that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) positively affected callus biomass, whereas silver nitrate (AgNO3) had the opposite effect. Elicitation with AgNO3 and MeJA significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of anticancer triterpenoids, particularly ursonic acid (UA), ursolic acid (ULA), masticadienolic acid (MDLA), and oleanonic acid (ONNA). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a remarkable 26.71-fold and 3.4-fold increase in UA content in leaf and root calli treated with AgNO3, respectively. It is noteworthy that ULA, MDLA and ONNA were not present prior to elicitation but were detected after elicitation. The accumulation of anticancer triterpenoids in callus cultures generated from various P. lentiscus L. explants is first demonstrated in our research. In addition, this research demonstrates a structured methodology for the enhancement of the accumulation of anticancer triterpenoids during callus culture.
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    Mass shoot proliferation of pistacia khinjuk stocks using temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS)
    (International Society for Horticultural Science, 2014) Tilkat, Engin; Süzerer, Veysel; Ersali, Yusuf; Hoşer, Ayşe; Kılınç, Fatih Mehmet; Tilkat, Emine Ayaz; Akdemir, Hülya; Onay, Ahmet
    A temporary immersion bioreactor system (TIS), compared to semi-solid systems has many advantages such as (1) the system can be controlled by an automation system; (2) a greater number of explants could be used at the same time and (3) there is no need to use an organic gelling agent. In this study, we aimed to develop a method suitable for mass shoot proliferation of P. khinjuk Stocks. Shoot tips and nodal segments of in vitro grown axenic regenerates derived from seedlings of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were used as material. In both semi-solid and liquid medium experiments, an MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA and 30 g/L sucrose was used. Various immersion frequencies (2, 4, 8, 16 or 20 h) and immersion times (5, 10 or 15 min) were tested on the TIS system. Repeated trials for immersion frequencies at short time intervals (10 min/2 h, 10 min/4 h etc.) showed hyper hydrated explants up to 100%, while this problem was not observed in immersions with relatively longer time intervals (10 min/20 h). The highest shoot forming capacity index (3.12) and the minimum hyper hydration rate (8%) were obtained in shoot tips with 10 min immersion frequency every 16 h. The protocol presented here, presents the initial stage of mass propagation of P. khinjuk Stocks cultures.