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Adsorption of some highly toxic dyestuffs from aqueous solution by chitin and its synthesized derivatives
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2009) Akkaya, Guelbahar; Uzun, Ilhan; Guzel, Fuat
The adsorption of indigo carmine (IC) and trypan blue (TB) by chitin was kinetically investigated as dependent on temperature and pH. Experimental data obtained at different temperatures for the adsorption of each dyestuff were applied to the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order and the intraparticle diffusion rate equations, and the pseudo first-order rate constants (k(1)), the pseudo second-order rate constants (k(2)) and the intraparticle diffusion rate constants (k(p)) at these temperatures were calculated, respectively. In addition, adsorption isotherms of each dyestuff by chitin were also determined at different temperatures. It was seen that adsorption isotherms fitted the H type. Chitin was then modified via ring-opening reaction with cyclic acid anhydrides (succinic, maleic and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic) in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide. Chitin derivatives obtained were compared according to their capabilities to adsorb IC and TB. It was determined that IC and TB were more adsorbed by chitin modified with 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride (CBA) and chitin modified with maleic anhydride (CMA), respectively. 31.33% of IC (C-0: 300 ppm) by CBA, and 44.29% of TB (C-0: 200 ppm) by CMA were adsorbed. Then, the adsorption of IC by CBA and of TB by CMA was kinetically investigated as dependent on temperature. The constants k(1), k(2) and k(p) related to the adsorption of IC by CBA and of TB by CMA were calculated as stated above. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Adsorptive efficacy analysis of novel carbonaceous sorbent derived from grape industrial processing wastes towards tetracycline in aqueous solution
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Guzel, Fuat; Saygili, Hasan
In present study, a new activated carbon (GPAC) obtained by ZnCl2 activation from grape industrial processing pulps (GP) under optimized conditions, was adopted as an adsorbent to remove tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments tested the effects of adsorbent dose, initial concentration, contact time and temperature on adsorption properties at the natural pH of TC in the aqueous medium. The experiments indicated that the pseudo-second order model was good fit to the kinetic data and the adsorption equilibrium data were better simulated by the Langmuir model. Maximum adsorption capacity was found as 625 mg/g at pH 5.7 and 35 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. (C) 2015 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Adsorptive performance of Melia Azedarach fruit-derived biochar in removing methylene blue, diclofenac, and copper(II) from aqueous solution
(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Karadeniz, Fatma; Guzel, Fuat
In the present study, the adsorptive performance of new low-cost biochar (MFC) derived at optimal pyrolysis temperature from the Melia azedarach fruit (MF) in removing the methylene blue (MB) dye, diclofenac (DCF) drug, and copper (Cu(II)) metal ion from aqueous solution was investigated. The optimum production temperature was determined according to the maximum effect of pyrolysis temperature on textural properties such as BET surface area (S-BET), total pore volume (V-T), and average pore diameter (D-P) of biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures. The optimal biochar (MFC), which has an S-BET of 301.9 m(2)/g, V-T of 0.142 cm(3)/g, and D-P of 1.89 nm, was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 700 degrees C and a pyrolysis time of 1 h. It was characterized by techniques such as nitrogen adsorption/desorption, SEM, XRD, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Boehm titration. Optimum removal conditions of each adsorbate used were determined by examining the effects of process variables such as MFC dose, initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, and solution temperature on their natural pH in an aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm data of the adsorbates examined are well described by pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of MFC under optimum conditions determined for MB, DCF, and Cu(II) was found as 25.77, 5.72, and 71.43 mg/g, respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters for each adsorption system showed that the adsorption processes of MB and Cu(II), and DCF were endothermic and exothermic, respectively. In addition, MFC was observed to have high adsorption efficiency up to three cycles from regeneration studies performed for three adsorbates. The results of this study highlight that it can be evaluated as an alternative inexpensive precursor of MF for the sustainable production of environmentally friendly biochar as an adsorbent in the removal of water pollutants.
Adsorptive removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution via industrial processed citrus solid waste-based activated carbon: optimization, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and reusability analyses
(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Guzel, Fuat; Koyuncu, Filiz
In this research, the adsorptive ability of a novel activated carbon (CWAC) prepared from citrus industrial processing waste (CW) via phosphoric acid activation in decontaminating synthetically contaminated water with diclofenac (DCF), selected as a high toxicity model drug, was examined in detail. Optimum adsorption conditions were decided by analyzing the impacts of effective experimental parameters such as CWAC amount, DCF concentration, adsorption time, and ambient temperature. Experimental results were evaluated in kinetic, isothermal, thermodynamic, and intra-particle diffusion models to characterize the CWAC-DCF adsorption system. The kinetic and equilibrium isotherm data conformed the Lagergren and Langmuir models, respectively. The maximum amount of DCF adsorbed by CWAC was determined to be 185.19 mg/g under the specified optimum operating conditions. The values of the calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that the process was endothermic and spontaneity increased at high temperatures. In addition, the CWAC was observed to maintain its high adsorption capacity even after five regeneration cycles. The adsorption mechanism was clarified by SEM and FT-IR spectroscopic examinations. The results of this research demonstrated the applicability of CWAC as a highly effective and reusable alternative adsorbent for decontamination of DCF-contaminated water.
Application of an industrial agricultural waste-based activated carbon in the treatment of water contaminated with Reactive Blue 19 dye: optimization, kinetic, equilibrium and recyclability analyses
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Koyuncu, Filiz; Avsar Teymur, Yekbun; Guzel, Fuat
This study is concerned with the examination of the sorptive ability of a new carbonaceous (CPC) sorbent prepared under optimized conditions with H3PO4 activation from the citrus industrial processing pulp (CP) in removing Reactive Blue 19 dye (RB19) from an aqueous solution. Optimum removal conditions were determined based on the maximum effects of some variable process parameters. The kinetic data showed agreement with the pseudo-second-order model. The isotherm data fit the Langmuir isotherm model best, and the maximum amount of sorbed RB19 was determined as 437.89 mg/g. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Desorption studies were performed with various desorbents for the recovery of RB19 and/or recyclability of CPC. The results show that CPC is a highly effective and reusable sorbent for cleaning water containing RB19.
Application of Some Domestic Wastes as New Low-Cost Biosorbents for Removal of Methylene Blue: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2014) Akkaya, Gulbahar; Guzel, Fuat
In this study, parsley stalks (PS), cucumber peels (CP), and watermelon seed hulls (WSH) were used as novel low-cost adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The biosorption of MB onto PS, CP, and WSH was investigated as a function of pH (2-10), initial dye concentration (25-450mg/L), temperature (293-333K), ionic strength (0.0-1.0mol/L NaCl), and biosorbent dose (0.1-1.0g/50mL). While the biosorption of MB on PS followed the Freundlich isotherm, biosorption on CP and WSH followed the Langmuir isotherm at all the temperatures studied. The monolayer biosorption capacities of PS, CP, and WSH were found to be 400, 111.11, and 57.14mg/g, respectively. The biosorption of MB onto PS followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the biosorption onto CP and WSH followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Thermodynamic studies showed that the biosorption of MB onto PS, CP, and WSH was spontaneous and feasible. The pH(zpc) values (of) PS, CP, and WSH were found to be 6.26, 6.42, and 6.83, respectively. Desorption studies were also carried out with various desorbing agents. HCl and H3PO4 were more effective desorbents than other desorbents used.
Behavior of mesoporous activated carbon used as a remover in Congo red adsorption process
(Iwa Publishing, 2018) Saygili, Hasan; Guzel, Fuat
The adsorption characteristics of Congo red (CR) dye on activated carbon produced under optimized conditions from tomato paste waste were evaluated. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, ionic strength and solution temperature on adsorption were investigated. Adsorption kinetic was better described by the pseudo-first order model. Results of the intra-particle diffusion model show that the pore diffusion is not the only rate-limiting step. Adsorption isotherm was well defined by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon was 435 mg g(-1) at 328 K. The dimensionless separation factor RL revealed the favorable nature of the isotherm of the activated carbon-dye system. Adsorption energy was found to be 4.20-4.55 kJ mol(-1) indicating that the mechanism of adsorption is physical in nature. Thermodynamic studies showed that CR adsorption onto activated carbon was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. Desorption of the used activated carbon was studied using ethanol as solvent and desorption efficiency of 56.4% was obtained after five cycles. The findings indicated that the activated carbon is a very effective and low-cost adsorbent for removal of CR dye from aqueous solutions.
Bioremoval and recovery of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution by a novel biosorbent watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed hulls: Kinetic study, equilibrium isotherm, SEM and FTIR analysis
(Desalination Publ, 2013) Akkaya, Guelbahar; Guzel, Fuat
The biosorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using a new sorbent, watermelon seed hulls (WSH), has been studied. The effect of pH (2-6), biosorbent dose (0.1-1.0g), initial metal ion concentration (10-500mgL(-1)), contact time (5-270min), and temperature (293-333K) was investigated. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also investigated based on metals adsorption tests. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption, and the results fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. The kinetic data have been analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion equations. The experimental data fit very well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The data obtained from adsorption isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate some thermodynamic quantities, such as free energy (G(o)), standard enthalpy (H-o), and standard entropy (S-o), were evaluated. The adsorption of these two metals on the WSH was found to be spontaneous and endothermic process in nature. Desorption experiments were carried out using various acid solutions with a view to regenerate the spent adsorbent and to recover the both adsorbed metal ions. According to the experimental results, WSH seems to be an effective, low-cost and alternative adsorbent precursor for the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions.
Chemical modification of a cellulose-based material to improve its adsorption capacity for anionic dyes
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2017) Saygili, Guelbahar Akkaya; Guzel, Fuat
A cellulosic material was modified to enhance its anionic dye adsorption capacity. The chemically modified cucumber peel was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, XRD, proximate and ultimate analyses, and pH(zpc) measurements, and was used for the removal of toxic textile dyes. The kinetic data followed the pseudo-first-order model. The isotherm data fitted to the Langmuir model giving maximum capacities of 95.24 and 129.87mg g(-1) for Reactive Black 5 and Direct Blue 71, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters suggest that the process is spontaneous and endothermic. The recovery of the adsorbed dyes was achieved by NH3 and NaOH solutions.
Conversion of grape industrial processing waste to activated carbon sorbent and its performance in cationic and anionic dyes adsorption
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2015) Saygili, Hasan; Guzel, Fuat; Onal, Yunus
Grape processing industry waste was used as a novel precursor for the production of a low-cost activated carbon with zinc chloride chemical activation. The effects of the production variables, such as impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time on the some textural properties were investigated. The optimal activated carbon which had the highest surface area and pore volume was obtained by these conditions as follows: 6:1 impregnation ratio, 600 degrees C activation temperature and 60 min activation time. The optimum conditions resulted in an activated carbon with a carbon content of 81.76% and a yield of 44.13%, while the surface area of 1455 m(2)/g, with the total pore volume of 2.318 cm(3)/g, mesoporosity of 94.61% and average pore diameter of 6.81 nm. These results showed that the grape wastes seemed to be an alternative precursor for the commercial activated carbon productions. The adsorptive property was tested using Methylene blue and Metanil yellow dyes. The adsorption behaviors for both dyes were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, showing a monolayer adsorption capacity of 417 mg/g and 386 mg/g for Methylene blue and Metanil yellow, respectively. This study demonstrated that produced optimal activated carbon could be employed as an efficient cleaner to compare with the commercial ones for the removal cationic and anionic dyes from wastewater. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Determination of kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the batch adsorption of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution by black carrot (Daucus carota L.) residues
(Elsevier, 2008) Guzel, Fuat; Yakut, Hakan; Topal, Giray
In this study, the effect of temperature on the adsorption of Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution by modified carrot residues (MCR) was investigated. The equilibrium contact times of adsorption process for each heavy metals-MCR systems were determined. Kinetic data obtained for each heavy metal by MCR at different temperatures were applied to the Lagergren equation, and adsorption rate constants (k(ads)) at these temperatures were determined. These rate constants related to the adsorption of heavy metal by MCR were applied to the Arrhenius equation, and activation energies (E-a) were determined. In addition, the isotherms for adsorption of each heavy metal by MCR at different temperatures were also determined. These isothermal data were applied to linear forms of isotherm equations that they fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the Langmuir constants (q(m) and b) were calculated. b constants determined at different temperatures were applied to thermodynamic equations, and thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (Delta H), free energy (Delta G), and entropy (Delta S) were calculated and these values show that adsorption of heavy metal on MCR was an endothermic process and process of adsorption was favoured at high temperatures. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Determination of lead separated selectively with ion exchange method from solution onto BCW in Sirnak, East Anatolia of Turkey
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Aydin, Firat; Yasar, Fatma; Aydin, Isil; Guzel, Fuat
There are approximately 82 million of tons asphaltites reserves in Sirnak, East Anatolia of Turkey. The present study was investigated to employ ashes of Sirnak BCW (burned coal waste) as an ion exchange in removal of important toxic metal, Lead (Pb), in high yields by adsorption. The ion exchange characteristics of lead onto BCW from aqueous solution were investigated with respect to the changes in pH of solution, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time and temperature of solution. For the adsorption of lead, the Langmuir isotherm model fitted to equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy (Delta G degrees), enthalpy (Delta N degrees) and entropy (Delta S degrees) of adsorption were also calculated for lead. These parameters showed that the adsorption was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic at 293-333 K. Experimental data were also evaluated in terms of kinetic characteristics of adsorption. The batch kinetic data were correlated to the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models. The data fitted better to the pseudo-second order equation. The activation energy of systems was determined. Experimental data have shown that BCW that was used in unmodified form; as low cost, readily available ion exchange; can be used for removal of lead from industrial waste waters. Analysis was determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Development and physicochemical characterization of a new magnetic nanocomposite as an economic antibiotic remover
(Inst Chemical Engineers, 2015) Saygili, Gulbahar Akkaya; Saygili, Hasan; Koyuncu, Filiz; Guzel, Fuat
Maghemite (T-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were impregnated to nanoporous carbon obtained from tomato waste (TWNC). The prepared magnetic composite (MTWNC) was characterized and used to remove tetracycline (TC) from water and then easily be separated from the medium by a magnetic technique. The morphologies and surface chemistries of both magnetic and non-magnetic nanoporous carbons were studied by FTIR, XRD, SEM, SEM-EDX, VSM, BET surface area, proximate and elemental analysis determinations. Batch adsorption studies were carried out and the effects of pH, initial TC concentration, adsorbent dose, ionic strength and temperature were investigated. The adsorption kinetics of TC on MTWNC could be expressed well by the pseudo-second order model, and sorption isotherms were described by Langmuir equation with maximum adsorption capacity of 60.60 mg/g at pH 4 and 50 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of TC onto MTWNC was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, the recyclability of the adsorbent was tested with 0.01M NaOH solution, and the results show that the synthesized composite adsorbent could be employed repeatedly in wastewater treatment. (C) 2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Effective removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) industrial processing waste
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2016) Saygili, Hasan; Guzel, Fuat
Activated carbon (TAC) prepared under optimized conditions with ZnCl2 activation from a new precursor; tomato industrial processing waste (TW), was applied as an adsorbent to remove tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solution. The factors (TAC dosage, initial TC concentration, contact time, ionic strength and solution temperature) affecting the adsorption process were examined at natural pH (5.7) of TAC-TC system in aqueous solution. Kinetic data was found to be best complied by the pseudo-second order model. The isotherm analysis indicated that the equilibrium data could be represented by the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity was identified as 500.0 mg g(-1) at 308 K. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Elimination of anionic dye by using nanoporous carbon prepared from an industrial biowaste
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Guzel, Fuat; Saygili, Hasan; Saygili, Gulbahar Akkaya; Koyuncu, Filiz
The preparation of nanoporous carbon from tomato waste (TWNC), and its ability to remove Orange II (OII) dye were reported. The TWNC was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer Teller surface area (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The effects of initial concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature were investigated. The kinetic data followed a pseudo-first order model. The mechanism of the process was determined from the intraparticle diffusion model. The isotherm analysis indicated that the adsorption data could be represented by the Langmuir model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was determined as 312.5 mg g(-1), under determined optimum conditions of variables (pH 2.0, adsorbent dosage 0.1 g L-1, contact time 180 mm and temperature 50 degrees C). Thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The results indicate that TWNC can be employed as low-cost alternative to expensive commercial activated carbon for treatment of industrial wastewater containing OIL. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Pulps for the Removal of Copper(II) Ions: Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Desorption Studies
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2014) Guzel, Fuat; Aksoy, Onder; Akkaya, Gulbahar
Pomegranate pulp has been used as novel adsorbent for removing Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution. The optimum conditions for removal of Cu(II) ions were found to be pH 5.32, biosorbent dose 0.1g, contact time 120 minutes, initial concentration 50mg/L, and temperature 30 degrees C. The kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. The biosorption process agreed with the Langmuir isotherm model. Maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was 7.30mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters suggest that the biosorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. Desorption studies were carried out with different desorbing agents.
High surface area mesoporous activated carbon from tomato processing solid waste by zinc chloride activation: process optimization, characterization and dyes adsorption
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Saygili, Hasan; Guzel, Fuat
The aim of this study is to produce the activated carbon at optimum production conditions from the tomato processing waste by ZnCl2 activation. The influences of the production variables, such as impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature, and carbonization time on the some pore characteristics of produced carbons have been investigated, and the best production conditions were determined. The optimal activated carbon which had the highest surface area and pore volume was obtained by these conditions as follows: 6:1 impregnation ratio, 600 degrees C carbonization temperature and 1 h carbonization time. The optimum conditions resulted in an activated carbon with a carbon content of 53.92% and a yield of 38.20%, while the surface area of 1093 m(2)/g, with the total pore volume of 1.569 cm(3)/g, mesoporosity of 91.78% and average pore diameter of 5.92 nm. It was characterized by some physical and chemical techniques. Its adsorptive performance was tested using methylene blue and metanil yellow dyes. The adsorption behavior was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, showing a maximum adsorption capacity for methylene blue and metanil yellow of 400 mg/g and 385 mg/g, respectively. The results revealed the potential use of optimal activated carbon for removal of cationic and anionic dyes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption of some dyestuffs from aqueous solution by poplar sawdust
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2008) Pekkuz, Hueseyin; Uzun, Ilhan; Guzel, Fuat
The effect of temperature on the adsorption of metanil yellow (MY) (acidic) and methylene blue (MB) (basic) by poplar sawdust was investigated. In addition, the amounts of NaHCO3, NaCO3, NaOH and C2H5ONa adsorbed by I g of poplar sawdust to determine its surface acidity were also determined. Kinetical data obtained at different temperatures (293 K, 313 K and 333 K) for the adsorption of each dyestuff by poplar sawdust were applied to the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order and the intraparticle diffusion equations, and the rate constants of first-order adsorption (k1), the rate constants of second-order adsorption (k2) and intraparticle diffusion rate constants (k(p)) at these temperatures were calculated, respectively. In addition, isothermal data obtained at different temperatures (293 K, 313 K and 333 K) for the adsorption of each dyestuff by poplar sawdust were applied to thermodynamical equations, and thermodynamical parameters (Delta G, Delta H and Delta S) were also calculated. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kinetics of the adsorption of reactive dyes by chitin
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2007) Akkaya, Gulbahar; Uzun, Ilhan; Guzel, Fuat
The effect of initial concentration, temperature, shaking rate and pH on the adsorption of reactive yellow 2 (RY2) and reactive black 5 (RB5) by chitin (Sigma C 9213) was investigated. Experimental data obtained at different temperatures for the adsorption of each dyestuff by chitin were applied to pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and Weber-Morris equations, and the rate constants of first-order adsorption (k(1)), the rate constants of second-order adsorption (k(2)) and pore diffusion-rate constants (k(p)) at these temperatures were calculated, respectively. In addition, the adsorption isotherms of each dyestuff by chitin were also determined at different temperatures. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lead recovery from aqueous environment by using porous carbon of citrus fruits waste: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Saygili, Gulbahar Akkaya; Saygili, Hasan; Yilmaz, Cumali; Guzel, Fuat
The mixture of citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit, mandarin, and lemon) wastes was utilized to obtain high surface area activated carbon (AC) by H3PO4 activation. The production conditions were optimized and the optimum conditions were determined. The optimal-activated carbon (CFWAC) was characterized by various physicochemical techniques. CFWAC was also used as a sorbent for Pb (II) ions from water. Batch experiments were performed to explore the adsorption capacity and mechanism. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model showed good fitness to the experimental data. The maximum Pb (II) adsorption capacity of CFWAC was found to be 163.93 mg/g.

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