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    A Comparison of Difficulty Indices Calculated for Open-Ended Items According to Classical Test Theory and Many Facet Rasch Model
    (Ani Yayincilik, 2018) Ilhan, Mustafa; Guler, Nese
    Purpose: This study aimed to compare difficulty indices calculated for open-ended items in accordance with the classical test theory (CTT) and the Many-Facet Rasch Model (MFRM). Although theoretical differences between CTT and MFRM occupy much space in the literature, the number of studies empirically comparing the two theories is quite limited. Therefore, this study is expected to be a substantial contribution to the literature. Research Methods: The research data were collected through three teachers rating the answers given by 375 eighth grade students to ten open-ended questions in a mathematics test. The difficulties of the items in the test were calculated according to CTT and MFRM by using the obtained data, and the consistency between the difficulty indices estimated based on the two theories was tested. While the Microsoft Excel program was used in the analyses for CTT, the FACETS package was employed in the analyses for MFRM. Findings: The research findings showed that CTT and MFRM yielded similar results in terms of difficulty indices of open-ended questions. It was found that, according to both theories, the ten items in the achievement test were ranked as I2, I3, I1, I4, I7, I6=I8, I5 and I9, from easiest to most difficult. Implications for Research and Practice: It may be said that estimating item difficulties according to either CTT or MFRM will not cause any notable differences in terms of the items to be included or excluded in the development of an achievement test with open-ended questions. (C) 2017 Ani Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved
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    Effects of Category Labeling With Emojis on Likert-Type Scales on the Psychometric Properties of Measurements
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2022) Ilhan, Mustafa; Tasdelen Teker, Gulsen; Guler, Nese; Ergenekon, Omer
    Today, emoji have become a popular option for anchoring the categories of Likert-type scales applied to not only adults but also children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of category labeling with emoji by comparing the psychometric properties of the emoji- and verbal-anchored versions of the mathematics motivation scale applied to students aged 8-11 years (grades 3, 4, and 5). The participants of the study comprised 658 students. According to the research results, students used the upper categories of the scale more intensively in the emoji-anchored version than in the verbal-anchored one. Parallel to this, the means calculated for the emoji-anchored version were found to be significantly higher. Moreover, the results of the research revealed that the verbal-anchored scale form yielded more reliable and valid measures than the emoji-anchored version.
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    The effects of reverse items on psychometric properties and respondents' scale scores according to different item reversal strategies
    (Izzet Kara, 2024) Ilhan, Mustafa; Guler, Nese; Teker, Gulsen Tasdelen; Ergenekon, Omer
    This study aimed to examine the effects of reverse items created with different strategies on psychometric properties and respondents' scale scores. To this end, three versions of a 10 -item scale in the research were developed: 10 positive items were integrated in the first form (Form -P) and five positive and five reverse items in the other two forms. The reverse items in the second and third forms were crafted using antonyms (Form -RA) and negations (Form -RN), respectively. Based on the research results, Form -P was unidimensional, while other forms were two-dimensional. Moreover, although reliability coefficients of all forms were obtained as above .80, the lowest one was acquired for Form -RN. There were strong -positive relationships between students' scores in the three scale forms. However, the lowest one was estimated between Form -P and Form -RN. Finally, there was a significant difference between the students' mean scores obtained from Form-RN and other two versions, but the effect size of the said difference was small. In conclusion, all these results indicate that different types of reverse items influence psychometric properties and respondents' scale scores differently.
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    An Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of Three Different Forms of Daly and Miller's Writing Apprehension Test through Rasch Analysis
    (Edam, 2017) Guler, Nese; Ilhan, Mustafa; Guneyli, Ahmet; Demir, Suleyman
    This study evaluates the psychometric properties of three different forms of the Writing Apprehension Test (WAT; Daly & Miller, 1975) through Rasch analysis. For this purpose, the fit statistics and correlation coefficients, and the reliability, separation ratio, and chi-square values for the facets of item and person calculated for the 26-item, one-dimensional, 21-item, one-dimensional and 21-item, four-dimensional forms of the test were compared. The study was conducted with 720 secondary-school students in Nicosia, Northern Cyprus. Having excluded the incomplete or incorrectly completed measurement tools, data for 604 students remained in the data set. The data obtained from the research were analyzed through the Rasch model by making use of the FACETS package program. The results demonstrated that the 21-item, one-dimensional model was the most appropriate model for the WAT. Aside from this, more accurate estimations were found able to be made for students' writing apprehension by adding items with differing levels of difficulty (higher or lower than existing items) into the test.
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    The Number of Response Categories and the Reverse Scored Item Problem in Likert-Type Scales: A Study with the Rasch Model
    (Assoc Measurement & Evaluation Education & Psychology, 2017) Ilhan, Mustafa; Guler, Nese
    This study aims to address reverse scored item and the number of response categories problems in Likert-type scales. The Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES) and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) were used as data collection tools. The data of the study were analyzed according to the Rasch model. It was found that the observed and expected test characteristic curves were largely overlapped, each of the three rating scales worked effectively, and the differences between response categories could be distinguished successfully by the participants in straightforward items. On the other hand, it was determined that there were significant differences between the observed and expected test characteristic curves in reverse scored items. According to the results the participants could not distinguish the response categories of the reverse scored items at three, five and seven-point rating versions of both scales. Hence, the reverse scored items were removed from the data file, and the analysis was repeated. The results revealed that item discrimination, reliability coefficients for person facet, separation ratios and Chi square values calculated for the facets of person and items were higher in five-pointed rating compared to three and seven pointed rating. Based on these results it can be said that the scale categories in reverse scored items could not be discriminated by responders at all type of rating, and that reverse scored items did not measure the same latent structure as straightforward items did.