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Öğe Characteristics and methods to release seed dormancy of two ground cherry (Physalis) species(Elsevier, 2021) Farooq, Shahid; Onen, Huseyin; Ozaslan, Cumali; El-Shehawi, Ahmed M.; Elseehy, Mona M.Several ground cherry (Physalis) species have attracted significant interest due to their potential use in medicines. Nonetheless, these species are invasive weeds in some regions of the world, while cultivated for food and medicinal uses in the others. Physalis angulata is cultivated for its medicinal potential, whereas P. philadelphica is grown as a horticultural crop. Both species are regarded as invasive weeds in Turkey causing significant economic losses. These species are underutilized in the country and could serve as a valuable resource for agriculture and medicine industries. Therefore, we investigated the seed dormancy type, levels and methods of dormancy release for P. angulata and P. philadelphica. Seeds of different populations of both species (3 population per species) were collected from various elevation gradients in southeastern Anatolia region, Turkey. Numerous seed dormancy-release techniques were evaluated to understand the requirements for dormancy release. Significant differences were observed in seed dormancy level among species and their populations, while viability remained similar. Seeds P. angulata had higher dormancy level (73.07-98.78 % dormancy) than P. philadelphica (7.56-33.15 % dormancy). The level of seed dormancy was increased with increasing elevation gradient in both species. There were some germination inhibiting substances, which retarded seed germination of both species. This indicated that the dormancy type in both species belongs to physiological dormancy (PD). Running tap water proved the most effective treatment in releasing seed dormancy of all tested populations. Some of the dormancy breaking techniques, especially scarification with H2SO4, even suppressed germination. The knowledge of seed dormancy could be utilized to commercialize/cultivate both species in Turkey. Nevertheless, the result could also be used for the development of management strategies against the species where these are considered as invasive weeds.Öğe Common ragweed: An emerging threat for sunflower production and human health in Turkey(Blackwell Publishing, 2016) Özaslan, Cumali; Önen, Hüseyin; Farooq, Shahid; Günal, Hikmet; Akyol, NihatCommon ragweed invasion poses serious risks to human health, biodiversity and agricultural production throughout the world. Although ragweed has an enormous potential to expand its range in Turkey, studies on ragweed have only concentrated on the Black Sea region. An exploratory survey was conducted to observe the level of ragweed occurrence on the nodes of predecided 10×10km grids in the Thrace region of Turkey. Ragweed populations were observed in 44 out of 129 sites in a wide range of habitats, including roadsides, pastures, agricultural fields and non-agricultural areas. The highest levels of ragweed infestation were recorded in the agricultural fields, followed by the roadsides. The most-invaded crop was sunflower. The sunflower fields had the highest ragweed coverage as well and invasion even resulted in crop failure alongside the field borders. A spatial analysis of the data indicated that ragweed exhibited an aggregated pattern over the Thrace region. Ragweed distribution was not associated with the characteristics of the soils, which had a varying range of pH, electrical conductivity and texture. The results revealed that ragweed invasion can arise as a serious weed problem, interfering with the sustainability of sunflower production in Thrace and other sunflower-producing regions of the country. A high degree of ragweed infestation also will contribute to the pollen level counts for the most crowded cities in the region, posing a serious danger to human health.Öğe Germination Biology of Two Invasive Physalis Species and Implications for Their Management in Arid and Semi-arid Regions(Nature Portfolio, 2017) Ozaslan, Cumali; Farooq, Shahid; Onen, Huseyin; Ozcan, Selcuk; Bukun, Bekir; Gunal, HikmetTwo Solanaceae invasive plant species (Physalis angulata L. and P. philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata Waterfall) infest several arable crops and natural habitats in Southeastern Anatolia region, Turkey. However, almost no information is available regarding germination biology of both species. We performed several experiments to infer the effects of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of different populations of both species collected from various locations with different elevations and habitat characteristics. Seed dormancy level of all populations was decreased with increasing age of the seeds. Seed dormancy of freshly harvested and aged seeds of all populations was effectively released by running tap water. Germination was slightly affected by photoperiods, which suggests that seeds are slightly photoblastic. All seeds germinated under wide range of temperature (15-40 degrees C), pH (4-10), osmotic potential (0 to -1.2 MPa) and salinity (0-400 mM sodium chloride) levels. The germination ability of both plant species under wide range of environmental conditions suggests further invasion potential towards non-infested areas in the country. Increasing seed burial depth significantly reduced the seedling emergence, and seeds buried below 4 cm of soil surface were unable to emerge. In arable lands, soil inversion to maximum depth of emergence (i.e., 6 cm) followed by conservational tillage could be utilized as a viable management option.Öğe Higher Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses and Soil Types May Accelerate Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Invasion(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Onen, Huseyin; Farooq, Shahid; Gunal, Hikmet; Ozaslan, Cumali; Erdem, HalilCommon ragweed is a troublesome allergenic invader and noxious weed of several crops. Despite extensive research to understand the factors affecting its invasion, the role of environmental stresses and soil types on survival and growth is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drought, salinity, and soil types on survival, growth, and nutrient uptake of ragweed in greenhouse experiments to predict its invasiveness in Turkey. Three separate experiments, with five drought intensities (100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% of field capacity [FC]), four levels of salinity (0, 3, 6, and 12 dS m(-1)), and five soil types varying in sand, silt, and clay content were performed. Severe drought and salinity levels reduced seedling survival, while soil type had no effect. Increasing drought and salinity negatively affected growth and nutrient uptake; the poorest growth was observed under severe drought intensity. Ragweed exhibited intensive tolerance to drought, even severe levels, while it tolerated salinity up to 6 dS m(-1) for seedling survival. Growth was negatively affected above 3 dS m(-1). The highest and lowest nutrient accumulations were recorded under moderate and extreme drought intensities, respectively. Similarly, the highest Na accumulation was observed under extreme saline conditions, whereas the highest P uptake and K/Na ratio were achieved under nonsaline conditions (0 dS m(-1)). Variation of soil texture had no effect on growth and nutrient uptake. The highest Ca, Mg, and Na accumulations were recorded on clay soil, while higher P accrued on sandyloam soil. Increased tolerance of ragweed to severe drought and moderate salinity and its nonselective nature for soil type indicate that semiarid and partially arid regions in Turkey have plenty of vacant niches for ragweed invasion.Öğe Impact of climate change on habitat suitability of an endemic herbivore [Hydrothassa anatolica (Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)] in Türkiye(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2024) Sirri, Mesut; Bal, Neslihan; Farooq, Shahid; Ozaslan, CumaliThe rich floristic and faunistic diversity of T & uuml;rkiye hosts numerous endemic species, particularly in the southeastern region. Climate change could exert negative impacts on the distribution of endemic species and cause their extinction. Hydrothassa anatolica S,ahin & & Ouml;zdikmen, 2019 (Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) is an endemic species distributed in the Hakkari province of T & uuml;rkiye. This study assessed the impacts of climate change on the habitat suitability of H. anatolica using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The occurrence records of the species were collected through surveys in Y & uuml;ksekova district of Hakkari province during 2022 and 2023 and used in the modeling exercise. Habitat suitability of H. anatolica was predicted for 2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080 and 2081-2100 under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), i.e., SSP1-2.6 (low greenhouse gas emissions scenario) and SSP5-8.5 (very high greenhouse gas emissions scenario). A total 12 occurrence records and 9 bioclimatic variables were used to predict the habitat suitability under current and future climatic conditions. The results indicated that bio 6 (minimum temperature of the coldest month) bio18 (precipitation of warmest quarter) will mediate the distribution of H . anatolica under current and future climatic conditions. The areas with wet summers and cold winters were predicted highly suitable for H . anatolica. . The model predicted that the species will expand its distribution range in the future under both climate change scenarios.Öğe The Influence of Environmental Factors on Germination of Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus) Seeds: Implications for Range Expansion and Management(Cambridge Univ Press, 2018) Onen, Huseyin; Farooq, Shahid; Tad, Sonnur; Ozaslan, Cumali; Gunal, Hikmet; Chauhan, Bhagirath S.Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) is a highly invasive vine that has become naturalized in the humid Black Sea region of Turkey, but previous to this study there was no information on the germination biology of this weed. The germination biology of three naturalized populations of S. angulatus from the Black Sea region was studied in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The germination of nondormant seeds was observed under different photoperiods, constant temperatures, and varying levels of pH, salinity, and osmotic potential. Furthermore, seedling emergence from various soil depths was investigated. The seeds of all populations proved nonphotoblastic (82% to 90%, 55% to 66%, and 48% to 56% germination under 12-, 24-, and 0-h photoperiod, respectively) and germinated over a wide range of temperatures (5 to 40 C). Seedlings emerged from all seed burial depths (0 to 15 cm); however, germination was drastically reduced (>90% reduction) beyond 6 to 8 cm. Seed germination was 30% to 38% for seeds placed on the surface and increased to 78% to 88% for seeds buried 2 cm deep, while germination was severely reduced for seeds buried 10 and 15 cm deep (8 to 12% and 0 to 6%, respectively). Seeds of all populations were found to be sensitive to osmotic and salinity stress and to highly acidic and alkaline pH levels. All populations had similar requirements for germination that are directly related to their area of naturalization. These results indicate that the species has limited potential for range expansion to arid, semiarid (nonirrigated), and relatively saline areas. However, humid, salinity-free, and frequently irrigated areas of the country are at high risk of invasion. In arable lands, deep tillage followed by shallow tillage and effective management of emerging seedlings could deplete the soil seedbank in the long run. However, there is an urgent need for effective strategies to manage the species in other nonarable areas.Öğe The influence of environmental factors on seed germination of Polygonum perfoliatum L.: Implications for management(MDPI AG, 2021) Farooq, Shahid; Önen, Hüseyin; Özaslan, Cumali; Tad, Sonnur; Mahmoud, Samy F.; Brestic, Marian; Zivcak, MarekPolygonum perfoliatum L. is an aggressive vine, currently invading the Black Sea region, Turkey. However, information about the seed germination biology of this species is scanty. The objective of the current study was to determine the seed germination biology of three naturalized populations of this species. Chemical scarification with 98% sulfuric acid for 30 min followed by cold-wet stratification at 4◦C for 4 weeks effectively released seed dormancy in tested populations. Seeds of all populations required a 12 h photoperiod for the highest germination, while germination under continuous dark and light remained similar. The seeds were able to germinate under a wide range of constant (5–40◦C) and alternating temperatures, pH (3–11), osmotic potential (0 to −1.4 MPa) and salinity (0–500 mM NaCl). However, the peak germination was observed under 20◦C constant and 20/15◦C alternating day/night temperature, and pH 6.8. Seeds of all populations were able to withstand 200 mM salinity and −0.6 MPa osmotic potential. Increasing seed burial depth initially stimulated seedling emergence and then a sharp decline was observed for the seeds buried below >2 cm depth. More than 90% of the seeds were unable to emerge when buried >6 cm depth. Polygonum perfoliatum has a large potential for range expansion; therefore, immediate management of the naturalized populations is warranted. This weed species in agricultural fields can be managed by burying the seeds in deeper soil layers (6 cm), while post-emergence management strategies need to be developed for roadside populations.Öğe Invasion Potential of Two Tropical Physalis Species in Arid and Semi-Arid Climates: Effect of Water-Salinity Stress and Soil Types on Growth and Fecundity(Public Library Science, 2016) Ozaslan, Cumali; Farooq, Shahid; Onen, Huseyin; Bukun, Bekir; Ozcan, Selcuk; Gunal, HikmetInvasive plants are recognized for their impressive abilities to withstand adverse environmental conditions however, all invaders do not express the similar abilities. Therefore, survival, growth, nutrient uptake and fecundity of two co-occurring, invasive Physalis species were tested under water and salinity stresses, and different soil textures in the current study. Five different water stress levels (100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% pot water contents), four different soil salinity levels (0, 3, 6, and 12 dSm(-1)) and four different soil textures (67% clay, 50% clay, silt clay loam and sandy loam) were included in three different pot experiments. Both weeds survived under all levels of water stress except 12.5% water contents and on all soil types however, behaved differently under increasing salinity. The weeds responded similarly to salinity up till 3 dSm(-1) whereas, P. philadelphica survived for longer time than P. angulata under remaining salinity regimes. Water and salinity stress hampered the growth and fecundity of both weeds while, soil textures had slight effect. Both weeds preferred clay textured soils for better growth and nutrient uptake however, interactive effect of weeds and soil textures was non-significant. P. angulata accumulated higher K and Na while P. philadelphica accrued more Ca and Mg as well as maintained better K/Na ratio. P. angulata accumulated more Na and P under salinity stress while, P. philadelphica accrued higher K and Mg, and maintained higher K/Na ratio. Collectively, highest nutrient accumulation was observed under stress free conditions and on clay textured soils. P. philadelphica exhibited higher reproductive output under all experimental conditions than P. angulata. It is predicted that P. philadelphica will be more problematic under optimal water supply and high salinity while P. angulata can better adapt water limited environments. The results indicate that both weeds have considerable potential to further expand their ranges in semi-arid regions of Turkey.Öğe Ipomoea coccinea L. (Convolvulaceae): a new introduced alien plant species in Turkey(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2021) Önen, Hüseyin; Özaslan, Cumali; Farooq, Shahid; Jones, Curtis A.; 0000-0003-3135-8040; 0000-0002-8660-5451; 0000-0002-6349-1404This study reports the first record of Ipomoea coccinea L. [(Convolvulaceae), red morning glory] from Turkey. The literature review revealed that this taxon has not been recorded yet for the flora of Turkey. The species was mainly observed on the embankments along the Ardeşen-Çamlıhemşin road during 2016. It was again recorded during 2019 with a certain extension of the invaded area and a significant increase in population density. I. coccinea was observed in disturbed areas along roads, on the edges of tea plantations, in abandoned fields and in other waste lands. The rapid spread of the species in a short period of time suggests that it could become troublesome in future, if not managed. Therefore effective management strategies must be developed to halt its further spread. Modelling and risk assessment studies are needed to predict the potential spread and possible risks of the species to different ecosystems.Öğe KURAKLIK PERSICARIA PERFOLIATA'NIN TÜRKİYE'DEKİ İSTİLASINI DURDURABİLİR Mİ?(Türkiye Herboloji Derneği, 2015) Önen, Hüseyin; Çaldıran, Uğur; Farooq, Shahid; Özaslan, CumaliDünya üzerinde istilacı bitki sayısındaki artış ekolojik ve ekonomik açıdan önemli sorunlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu bitkilerin başarılı bir şekilde kontrol altına alınabilmeleri için bunların biyolojik ve ekolojik isteklerinin bilinmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu bitkilerin yeni habitatları istila sürecinde, kuraklık ve tuzluluk gibi abiyotik stres koşulları bir bariyer işlevi görmektedir. Bu nedenle istilacı yabancı bitkilerin stres koşulları altında büyüme ve gelişme durumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar bu bitkilerin biyolojik ve ekolojik isteklerinin anlaşılmasına ve potansiyel dağılım alanlarının modellenmesine olanak vermektedir. Persicaria perfoliata L. Doğu Karadeniz Bölge'sinin önemli bir kısmını işgal eden istilacı sarmaşık formunda tek yıllık bir istilacı yabancı ottur. Bitkinin yaygın olduğu Doğu Karadeniz sahili sahip olduğu 2000-2500 mm yıllık yağış miktar ile Türkiye'nin en fazla yağış alan bölgesidir. Bu ön çalışma ila P. perfoliata'nın Türkiye'nin diğer bölgelerine yayılma potansiyelinin anlaşılması amacıyla büyüme ve gelişme yönü ile kuraklık stresine verdiği tepkilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kuraklık stresi tarla kapasitesi baz alınarak saksılardaki su oranının sınırlanmasıyla suretiyle oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma da %25, %50 ve %75 tarla kapasitesi ile kontrol (%100) olmak üzere dört farklı stres düzeyine yer vermiştir. Saksılarda tarla kapasitesi her gün buharlaşan su kadar saksılara yeninden su verilmesiyle sağlanmıştır. 28±3°C gündüz 16 saat ve 20±3°C gece 8 saat koşullarında denemeler yürütülmüştür. Omca uzunluğu, omca başına yaprak sayısı, yer üstü ve yer altı kısımların yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, kök uzunluğu, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı gibi parametreler incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda kuraklık yoğunluğundaki artış ile incelenen bitki parametreleri arasında negatif ilişki saptanmıştır. %50 tarla kapasitesi uygulamasında ağırlık artışı gibi parametrelerde ciddi düşüş görülmüştür. Yabancı otları kuraklığa yüksek duyarlığı bu bitkilerin ülkede yayılmasında sınırlı bir faktör olduğunu göstermektedir. Yağışların fazla olduğu alanlarda ise yabancı ot istilası fazla olacaktır. Yarı kurak ve kurak alanlarda ise istilacı bitki sorun olmaktan çıkacaktır. Çalışmamızda iklim değişikliğinden meydana gelen kuraklığın bölgede ot yayılışını engelleyebildiği belirlenmiştirÖğe New records of microfungi and chromista from anatolian peninsula of Turkey(Sociedade Brasileira da Ciencia das Plantas Daninha, 2018) Özaslan, Cumali; Hüseyin, Elşad; Farooq, Shahid; Önen, HüseyinThis article presents new records of fungi and downy mildews in Turkey on different weeds of agrophytocoenosis. These records include Plectosphaerella alismatis (Oudem.) A.J.L. Phillips, Carlucci & M.L. Raimondo (on Alisma plantago-aquatica L.), Pyricularia grisea Sacc. (on Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.), Phakopsora artemisiae Hirats. (on Artemisia dracunculus L.), Puccinia rubefaciens Johanson (on Galium sp.), Ustilago trichophora (Link) Kunze (on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), Peronospora astragalina Syd. (on Astragalus homosus L.) and P. myagri Mayor (on Myagrum perfoliatum L.). Plectosphaerella and Phakopsora as generic level and others as species are new records from Turkey. Description and illustrations of the identified fungi are presented, which all are based on Turkish specimens. The identified fungi could be potential biological control agents; however, detailed studies are needed in this regard.Öğe Range expansion potential of two co-occurring invasive vines to marginal habitats in Turkey(Elsevier, 2017) Farooq, Shahid; Tad, Sonnur; Onen, Huseyin; Gunal, Hikmet; Caldiran, Ugur; Ozaslan, CumaliNiche distribution models accurately predict the potential distribution range of invasive plants into new habitats based on their climatic requirements in the native regions. However, these models usually ignore the marginal habitats which can limit the distribution of exotic plants. We therefore tested the seedling survival, growth and nutrient acquisition capabilities of two co-occurring invasive vines [Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross and Sicyos angulatus L.] in three different manipulative greenhouse experiments to infer their range expansion potential to marginal habitats in Turkey. First experiment included five different moisture availability regimes (100, 75, 50, 25 and 12.5% available water), second experiment consisted of four different salinity levels (0, 3, 6 and 12 dSm(-1) soil salinity) and third experiment had four different soil textures (clay-1, clay-2, sandy loam and silt-clay-loam). Seedling mortality was only observed under extreme moisture deficiency in both plant species, while most of the transplanted seedlings of both species did not survive under 6 and 12 dSm(-1) salinity levels. Soil textures had no effect on seedling survival. POLPE better tolerated low moisture availability and high salinity Compared to SIYAN. Biomass production in both plant species was linearly reduced with increasing salinity and moisture deficiency. SIYAN invested more resources towards shoot, accumulated higher K and P, whereas POLPE maintained higher root-to-shoot ratio under all experimental conditions. Both plant species employed different strategies to cope with adverse environmental conditions, but failed to persist under high soil salinity and moisture deficiency. Our study suggest that both plant species have limited potential of range expansion to marginal habitats and will be limited to moist and humid areas only. Therefore, further research activities should be concentrated in these regions to develop effective management strategies against both species. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe Seed dormancy differences among common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia l.) populations distributed in different climatic regions of Turkey(University of Montenegro, 2020) Önen, Hüseyin; Akyol, Nihat; Farooq, Shahid; Özaslan, CumaliCommon ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an allergenic invasive weed rapidly expanding its distribution range throughout Europe. Seed dormancy is among the most important seed adaptation traits, helping colonizing plants to avoid adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, knowledge of seed dormancy enables to predict the seed germination timing of species and enforce specific management practices at suitable times. This study was aimed at determining the seed dormancy differences among different common ragweed populations distributed in two distinct regions of Turkey (i.e., eastern and western parts of the country). The seeds of all populations were extremely dormant (80.50-96.71% dormancy). The populations distributed in western part of the country were more dormant than eastern populations. Mechanical scarification and cold-wet stratification at 4°C for 2, 3 and 4 weeks were tested to infer their potential in releasing seed dormancy. Cold-wet stratification proved effective in releasing seed dormancy; however, populations differed in the stratification time required for seed dormancy release. Overall, eastern populations became non-dormant with lesser stratification time (i.e., 2 weeks), while western populations took longer stratification time to become completely non-dormant. Mechanical scarification with sandpaper also released seed dormancy and all populations behaved similar for this technique. This knowledge can be used to predict the germination timing of different populations distributed in two distinct regions of the country. Furthermore, the results can also be utilized in implementing effective management strategies at the proper time.Öğe Seed germination niche for common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) populations naturalized in Turkey(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Farooq, Shahid; Önen, Hüseyin; Özaslan, Cumali; Baskin, Carol Caudle; Günal, Hikmetommon ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive species, and is currently spread in different habitats over several regions in Turkey. However, no information exists on the seed germination biology of Turkish populations. Therefore, the seed germination niche (upper and lower limits of environmental conditions for seed germination) was determined for common ragweed populations in two climatic regions (Thrace and Black Sea) of Turkey. Seed germination was evaluated under different photoperiods, constant temperatures and levels of water stress, salinity and pH. Seedling emergence was recorded from various seed burial depths. Significant differences were observed among populations for the seed germination niche and seedling emergence. Seed germination niche helps explain the occurrence of the species in the diverse environmental conditions found across Turkey. Seeds from the Thrace populations were more tolerant to water and salinity stress and germinated under relatively higher pH levels than those from the Black Sea populations. Further, seeds from the Thrace region germinated to higher percentages at all temperatures than those from the Black Sea populations. Seeds from all populations germinated to higher percentages in light/dark than in dark. Seedling emergence was significantly retarded by a seed burial depth > 4 cm. The results suggest that the species has extensive range expansion potential in the country and that immediate management of the naturalized populations is needed. In agricultural habitats, the species can be managed by shallow tillage and subsequent management of emerging seedlings to reduce the soil seed bank. Management strategies such as appropriate mowing time and mowing frequency need to be developed for control of roadside populations.
