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Öğe CORRELATION BETWEEN RICE STEM CUTTING RESISTANCE AND CRACKING FORCE OF RICE KERNEL(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Esgici, Resat; Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Sessiz, AbdullahTwo important rice varieties, Karacadag Karakilcik (dark) and Karacadag Beyaz (white) rice varieties are grown in the upper Mesopotamia region in Southeastern Turkey. Although the physical and mechanical characteristics of these rice varieties are different from each other, they are harvested using the same combine-harvester and thresher. Thus, high kernel losses and energy consumption occur during the harvesting stage. The rice stem cutting and kernel cracking properties have to be known for each variety for reducing grain losses and energy consumption. The exact knowledge of rice stem cutting energy and kernel cracking energy are the main parameters for optimizing design of cutting elements in harvesting, threshing, sorting, transporting and milling machines. The purpose of this study was to compare the relationships between rice stem cutting properties and kernel cracking force under load position for two local rice varieties of Karacadag Karakilcik and Karacadag Beyaz. The experiments in this study were conducted at stem moisture contents of 70.81 %, 41.60 % and 7.5 w.b, and kernel moisture contents of 24.10 %, 19.30 % and 8.7 % w.b. The cutting energy of stems were examined at three internode positions as lower (IN1), medium (IN2) and higher (IN3) mm down from the panicles for Karacadag Karakilcik and Karacadag Beyaz rice varieties. The stem cutting and kernel cracking forces were measured via Llyood Universal Testing Machine. The results indicate that the energy requirement of Karacadag Karakilcik variety is greater than that of the Karacadag Beyaz variety. Differences with regard to the cracking force and energy were determined between the horizontal and vertical sides. The cracking force of rice at horizontal orientation was determined to be higher than the cracking force at vertical orientation.Öğe CUTTING PARAMETERS OF SOME GRAPE VARIETIES SUBJECT TO THE DIAMETER AND AGE OF CANES(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Esgici, Resat; Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Ozdemir, Gultekin; Guzel, Emin; Sessiz, AbdullahGrape is an important product for the economy of Turkey and it will continue to play an important role in worldwide grape production due to its large number of varieties, favorable ecological conditions and large production areas. However, pruning and harvesting of grape berries are performed manually with a labor intensive procedure. Therefore, production cost is very high and labor efficiency is low in vineyards. However, pruning and harvesting are the most critical operations in vineyard management. Information regarding the cutting of canes of different grape varieties is very important for a proper harvest machine design as well as the efficient use of energy. In this study, cutting force and cutting energy were measured by considering the factors of grape canes diameter and age of canes. One and two year old grape canes from the Genc Mehmet, Bogazkere and Okuzgozu local varieties were used as experimental material. The canes were obtained from a commercial vineyard in the Diyarbakir province located in southeastern Turkey. Lloyd, LRX plus series, materials testing machine was used for cutting tests. Statistically significant differences were determined between the cutting properties of grape varieties. The cutting force and cutting energy increased with increasing diameter and age of canes.Öğe CUTTING PROPERTIES OF WINE GRAPE CULTIVARS(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2015) Ozdemir, Gultekin; Sessiz, Abdullah; Esgici, Resat; Elicin, Ahmet KonuralpThis study was carried out to determine the cutting properties of different wine grape canes as a function of moisture content, canes' diameter and variety. Cutting properties of cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy and specific cutting energy were measured in eight different wine grape varieties. Canes of 'Tannat', 'Merlot', 'Cot', 'Chardonnay', 'Viograier', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Shiraz' and 'Cabernet Franc' were profiled for their cutting properties during the dormant season. The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between mean values of cutting properties varying based on variety. The results demonstrated that the maximum cutting force, cutting strength and cutting energy for 'Cabernet Franc' grape variety were 1397.60 N, 21.68 MPa and 3.68 J, respectively. The minimum cutting force, cutting strength and cutting energy were obtained at 'Tannest' grape variety and it was 981.65 N, 13.94 MPa, and 2.39 J, respectively. Whereas, the maximum specific cutting energy obtained at 'Chardonnay' was 0.256 Jmm-2, while the minimum specific cutting energy obtained at 'Tannat' grape variety was 0.219 Jmm(-2). In conclusion, findings demonstrated that the cutting properties were related to the physiological, physical and mechanical properties of the grew. branches. Therefore, the grape variety should be taken into account for the design of a suitable pruner machine.Öğe THE EFFECT OF KNIFE TYPE ON CUTTING CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON STALK(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2020) Esgici, ResatThe cutting characteristics values of plants are very important data for suitable design of a cutting and pruning machines and related equipment. The objective of this study was to determine of the cutting properties of cotton stalk with use of the multiple regression model for serrated (knife-edge thick and knife-edge thin) and flat-edge knives type. In accordance of this purpose, cutting tests were made with three different type knives. In this study, the knife edge angle, knife type and stalk diameter were selected independent variables. Dependent of these parameters, the cutting force, cutting strength and cutting energy were measured for each type of knife. This study clearly that predict cutting force, cutting strength and cutting energy are influenced by knife type, knife angle and cotton stalk diameter (P<0.01). According to regression equations, the cutting force and cutting energy increased with increase stalk diameter for all type of knife because the partial regression coefficient of cotton stalk diameter is positive. However, the cutting force and cutting energy decreased with increase knife edge angles because the partial regression coefficient of cutting angle is negative. The best results were obtained serrated types knives. The highest values were obtained at flat-edge knives. With using of proper knife type and angle, cutting force and cutting strength and cutting energy values can be reduced. As a result, we can say that the flat-edge knife type is not suitable, when compared to serrated knife types. As a result we can recommend that the serrated type knife for a new design of cutting machine and pruning for cotton shoots topping. According these results, if one is interested to study the joint affect of all these variables on cutting properties, one can use this technique.Öğe EFFECTS OF COTTON PICKER AGES ON COTTON LOSSES AND QUALITY(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2015) Sessiz, Abdullah; Esgici, ResatIn this study, the effects of the cotton picker model and drivers ability on cotton harvest losses and cotton quality were investigated. In experiments, five cotton pickers were used. Four cotton pickers have four rowed and one picker has six rowed with baler. John Deere cotton pickers were used in 2013 cotton harvest season. All of the experiments were conducted on BA119 cotton variety with and without defoliant treatment in Diyarbakir city. Defoliant and boll opening chemicals (DROP Ultra + FINISH Pro) that were applied 15-25 days prior to harvest. In conclusion, no difference was found between in cotton lint quality by hand harvest and cotton pickers. On the other hand, cotton picker model and drivers ability were statistically differed on harvest losses. The highest harvest loss (60 kg da(-1)) was found on 1998 model picker. The harvest losses were low than 25 kg da(-1) on 2007 and the youngest model pickers. Fiber property measurements made by High Volume Instrument (HVI) systems. It is widely used to describe cotton quality in international commerce.Öğe ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE SIRE GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA L.CV.)(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2017) Esgici, Resat; Ozdemir, Gultekin; Pekitkan, Goksel; Elicin, Konuralp; Ozturk, Ferhat; Sessiz, AbdullahTurkey will continue to acting an important role in grape production and raisin exportation in the world because of its large number of grape varieties, favorable ecological conditions and large amount of production areas. Turkey is the one of the gene center of grapevines, for this reason it possesses over 1600 grape varieties. Grapevine varieties are generally harvested by hand; however, the feasibility of using a mechanical harvester is some engineering properties such as physical and mechanical properties must be consideration. In this study, some physical and mechanical properties of grape berries and canes of local variety Sire (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) were determined depend on phenological stages. This research was performed at commercial vineyard in Dicle, the town of Diyarbakir, which is located in the southeastern part of Turkey. Cutting properties were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. Grape berries length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, detachment force (FDF), weight (W), the ratio of FDF/ W, skin firmness, total soluble solids content, pH, total acidity and cane of grapevine shearing force, shearing strength, upper yield, shearing energy were determined. The test results indicated that very significant correlations were found between axial dimensions of grape berries, and physical dimensions, mechanical and pomological properties. The ratio of FDF/W decreased depending on phenological stages. Berry weight was lowest at the Veraison (1.60 g). The grape berry skin firmness decreased from 1.174 N to 0.766 N with phenological stages. TSSC values varied from 20.40 to 16.20 %, pH of grape (3.39-3.65) values increased with phenological stages, whereas the total acids were slight changed and reduced from 0.876 to 0.669 %. Cutting properties of Sire grapevine cane has been changed with phenological stages. Shearing force and energy requirement increased with increase internode diameter of canes. Shearing force values changed between 472.38 N and 119.57 N.Öğe SOME MATURITY PROPERTIES OF OKUZGOZU (VITIS VINIFERA L. CV.) GRAPE BERRIES(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Ozdemir, Gultekin; Sessiz, Abdullah; Esgici, ResatSome physical, mechanical and ripening properties of Okuzgozu (Vitis vinifera L. ye.) grape berries were determined. The test samples were obtained from an organic commercial vineyard in Diyarbakir province, which is located in the southeastern part of Turkey. The tests were carried out during the different phenological stages of the veraison (30 August), 15 days after veraison (15 September) and harvesting time (30 September) in 2016. Some basic important berry ripening and harvesting parameters such as the maximum berry detachment force (FDF) from cluster and berry skin firmness were measured in Newton (N) by using a pull digital force gauge. Total soluble solids content (TSSC), pH and total acidity values were determined at three different phenological stages. The results show that the size of grape berries increased with period of maturity. The average length, width and thickness were obtained as 19.42 mm, 17.57 mm, and 17.53 mm, respectively. While weight of berries, TSSC, pH and, maturity index increased, BDF, BDF/W ratio, skin firmness, and acidity decreased with phenological stages and axial dimensions. The berries detachment force was decreased from 3.56 N to 2.69 N, while berries weight increased from 3.45 g to 4.42 g depend on phenological stages. Also, there were found closely relationships between mechanical and ripening properties of berries depend on phenological stages. While DF, FDF/W and skin firmness decreased, soluble solids content (17.50-23.97 %) and pH (3.53-3.76) values increased with phenological stages, whereas the total acids were slight changed and reduced from 0.462 to 0.273 %.Öğe SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max) STEMS AND SEEDS(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2017) Ozturk, Ferhat; Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Esgici, Resat; Elicin, A. KonuralpHarvesting is the most important operation in soybean production. To develop a new harvesting machine with any cutting system, we have to exactly know cutting properties of stems and seeds. Firstly, the design of the machine was based on cutting properties. This study was carried out to evaluate the stem cutting properties and mechanical behavior under compression load of soybean grains (Glycine max L.). This research was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey. The soybean cultivar, SA-88, used for this study. It was obtained from the local a commercial farm in Diyarbakir Province, Turkey. In this research, Cutting force (CF), cutting strength and cutting energy (CE) for stems and seeds were measured by considering cross sectional area at during the harvesting season in year 2016. Cutting properties of soybean stems and compression properties of seeds were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. The highest pod cracking force was observed as 13.43 N at vertical orientation, while the least value of cracking force was determined as 4.59 N at horizontal position. According to Tukey's multiple range tests, the internodes effects were not found significant effect on seed force and energy. The average cracking force and energy were obtained as 146. 62 N and 10.05 N.cm, respectively. Cutting force values increased linearly with the increase in stem diameters.Öğe TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L.) EMERGENCE, YIELD, QUALITY, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN DOUBLE CROPPING SYSTEM(Univ Zagreb, Fac Agriculture, 2008) Sessiz, Abdullah; Sogut, Tahsin; Alp, Aydin; Esgici, ResatThe relation between crop growing and soil tillage treatment are play important role in agricultural production. Soils under conventional tillage (CT) generally have lower bulk density and associated higher total porosity within the plough layer than under no tillage (NT). No-till farming can reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture and minimize labor and fuel consumption. The aim of this study were to investigate the effects of conventional, reduced and notillage methods on soil physical properties, sunflower yield and yield components, protein and oil content and fuel consumption in Southeastern of Turkey. Six tillage methods for the second crop sunflower were tested and compared each other within after lentil harvesting at 2003 and 2004 years in a clay loam soil. According to results, the first year, the bulk density had decreased from 1.29 to 1.09 g cm(-3), the second year the delta b had decreased from 1.41 to 1.23 g cm-3. Differences between years and tillage methods in terms of yield were found significant (p<0.05). However, no differences were found between the NT and CT. There were also no significance differences in content of protein, oil and ash among six tillage methods. The highest fuel consumption was measured in conventional method (CT) whereas the lowest value was found in direct seeding method as 33.48 L ha(-1) and 6.6 L ha(-1,) respectively.Öğe THE USE OF RAPESEED OIL METHYL AND ETHYL ESTERS AND OF RAPESEED OIL-DIESEL MIXTURES AS FUELS FOR DIESEL ENGINE(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Elicin, A. Konuralp; Ozturk, Ferhat; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Esgici, ResatThis study was conducted over a year period incorporating one growing seasons of 2013-2014 with the aim being to investigate the effects of the free fatty acid and yield characteristics of different rapeseed genotypes planted at different sowing times in the climate of Diyarbakir, Turkey on biodiesel production, on engine performance and on emission values. The study was conducted in the trial areas of the Department of Field Crops of the Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture, in which the quality traits of the rapeseed (oil ratio and fatty acid content) were analyzed. The genotypes, 'Licord' was achieved the highest oil content (38.13%). The highest alpha-linolenic acid (1.25%), and oleic acid (65.1%) were recorded from the genotype 'Express'. The highest linoleic acid (18.16%) was achieved from Lirown genotype. Among the different varieties of rapeseed, those with the highest oil ratio and fatty acid content were selected and subjected to transesterification to obtain rapeseed oil methyl and ethyl esters. These were then tested in a small power diesel engine in accordance with the EN 14214 standard, which is considered applicable by the Energy Market Regulatory Board of Turkey for the investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of such ester fuels. The study made use of single-cylinder, direct injection, four-cycle, 5.5 kW nominal power diesel engine. The use of fatty acid esters was found to give moment and power values close to those of diesel engine fuel, although the ester fuels showed a slight increase in fuel consumption values. The transesterification of rapeseed was found to reduce viscosity and to decrease calorific value and specific weights. Emission values for CO and CO2 were found to be lower than number 2-D diesel fuel, while an increase was observed in the level of NON.
