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    Effects of Category Labeling With Emojis on Likert-Type Scales on the Psychometric Properties of Measurements
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2022) Ilhan, Mustafa; Tasdelen Teker, Gulsen; Guler, Nese; Ergenekon, Omer
    Today, emoji have become a popular option for anchoring the categories of Likert-type scales applied to not only adults but also children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of category labeling with emoji by comparing the psychometric properties of the emoji- and verbal-anchored versions of the mathematics motivation scale applied to students aged 8-11 years (grades 3, 4, and 5). The participants of the study comprised 658 students. According to the research results, students used the upper categories of the scale more intensively in the emoji-anchored version than in the verbal-anchored one. Parallel to this, the means calculated for the emoji-anchored version were found to be significantly higher. Moreover, the results of the research revealed that the verbal-anchored scale form yielded more reliable and valid measures than the emoji-anchored version.
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    The effects of reverse items on psychometric properties and respondents' scale scores according to different item reversal strategies
    (Izzet Kara, 2024) Ilhan, Mustafa; Guler, Nese; Teker, Gulsen Tasdelen; Ergenekon, Omer
    This study aimed to examine the effects of reverse items created with different strategies on psychometric properties and respondents' scale scores. To this end, three versions of a 10 -item scale in the research were developed: 10 positive items were integrated in the first form (Form -P) and five positive and five reverse items in the other two forms. The reverse items in the second and third forms were crafted using antonyms (Form -RA) and negations (Form -RN), respectively. Based on the research results, Form -P was unidimensional, while other forms were two-dimensional. Moreover, although reliability coefficients of all forms were obtained as above .80, the lowest one was acquired for Form -RN. There were strong -positive relationships between students' scores in the three scale forms. However, the lowest one was estimated between Form -P and Form -RN. Finally, there was a significant difference between the students' mean scores obtained from Form-RN and other two versions, but the effect size of the said difference was small. In conclusion, all these results indicate that different types of reverse items influence psychometric properties and respondents' scale scores differently.