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Öğe Anatomical and histological structure of the tongue and histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands in the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar, Gray 1830)(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) Erdogan, S.; Sagsoz, H.; Akbalik, M. E.1. The aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the tongue and the histochemical features of the lingual salivary glands in this species. 2. The tongue was elongated, terminating in a rather sharp, dagger-like apex. On the surface of the tongue and situated between the body and root of the tongue, two rows of conical papillae, the sharp apices of which pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue, were observed. The keratinised epithelium lining the dorsal surface lacked typical gustatory papillae. However, it was observed that taste buds were present in the epithelium of the lingual body and root. The tongue was supported by a structure composed of hyaline cartilage, the paraglossum, which extended from the lingual root to the apex. Simple branched tubular glands, which were encapsulated by connective tissue, were embedded within the submucosa in the body (anterior salivary glands) and root (posterior salivary glands) of the tongue. It was observed that the secretion of the lingual glands contained neutral mucins, proteoglycans containing carboxylic acid, weak and strong sulphated groups, N-acetylated sialomucins, but lacked glycogen. 3. It was demonstrated that, the general morphological features, papillary distribution of the tongue and the histological structure of the mucosa epithelium and the supportive elements displayed similarity to those of other domestic avian species. It was also determined that, in view of the particular feeding types, in the partridge, the presence of the papillary crest was not correlated with diet.Öğe Anatomical Study of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Free-living Axis Deer (Axis axis)(Wiley, 2015) Perez, W.; Erdogan, S.; Ungerfeld, R.The macroscopic anatomy of the stomach and intestines of adult axis deer (Axis axis), a cervid species considered intermediate/mixed feeder, was observed and recorded. Nine adult wild axis deers of both sexes were used and studied by simple dissection. The ruminal papillae were distributed unevenly in the overall area of the inner surface of rumen and primarily were more large and abundant within the atrium. The ruminal pillars had no papillae. There was an additional ruminal pillar located between the right longitudinal and right coronary ventral pillars connected to the caudal pillar. No dorsal coronary pillars were found, and the ventral coronary pillars are connected. The reticulum was the third compartment in size, and the maximum height of the reticular crests was 1.0mm. The Cellulae reticuli were not divided and rarely contained secondary crests. There were no Papillae unguiculiformes. The omasum was the smallest gastric compartment. The abomasum had about twelve spiral plicae, and a small pyloric torus was present. The intraruminal papillation was similar to those species that are characterized by a higher proportion of grass in their natural diet. The finding of the small reticular crests is typical for browser ruminants and was coincident with data reported for other deer. The comparative ratio of the small intestine to the large intestine was 1.69, in terms of length measurements in axis deer and appears below of the browser range'. We concluded that the gastrointestinal system of axis deer reflected similar morphological characteristics of the both types of ruminants: browser and grazer, and we consider it as an intermediate feeder.Öğe Arterial Thoracic Vascularization in Some Deer Species: Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), Brown Brocket Deer (Mazama gouazoubira) and Axis Deer (Axis axis)(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Perez, W.; Erdogan, S.In this study, the arterial distributions of the aortic arches of three deer species (Axis axis, Ozotoceros bezoarticus and Mazama gouazoubira) were described. The animals were dissected immediately after being found dead. Latex injection method was used to observe the vascularization of the thorax. The branching pattern of the arteries of the thoracic aorta in O. bezoarticus was similar to domestic ruminants. In the M. gouazoubira and A. axis, there were no bicarotid trunk. Interestingly, the first branch of the brachiocephalic trunk was the left costocervical trunk in A. axis. Then, brachiocephalic trunk was divided into right and left subclavian arteries. M. gouazoubira and A. axis in contrast to O. bezoarticus were different when compared with other ruminants, and the absence of bicarotid trunk was more striking than previous reports.Öğe Arterial Vascularization and Morphological Characteristics of Adrenal Glands in the Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758)(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Erdogan, S.; Perez, W.This research presents morphological characteristics of adrenal glands and a demonstration of arterial vascularization in the Pampas deer, which is considered to be in extreme danger of extinction. A total of ten deer constituted the material of the study. Vascularization of organs was investigated by using latex injection technique. Left adrenal glands were basically supplied by coeliac, cranial mesenteric, renal and lumbal arteries. The arterial vascularization of the left adrenal glands was very complex in comparison with right adrenal glands. In two examples, branch of the lumbal artery was divided into phrenic caudal artery and cranial adrenal artery. In six examples, it was observed that the caudomedial and ventral regions of the left adrenal glands were also supplied by thinner branches that stemmed from second left lumbal artery. Besides, coeliac and cranial mesenteric arteries also gave off shorter branches supplying the cranial region of the left adrenal glands in five examples. It was determined that two branches originated from abdominal aorta directly for supplying left adrenal glands in only two examples. In four examples, two caudal adrenal arteries stemmed separately from left renal artery in a short distance. Arterial vascularization of right adrenal glands was more constant and supplied by lumbal and renal arteries. The adrenal glands were generally oval or round shaped. In only two examples, left adrenal glands were 'V-' or heart-shaped. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in sizes between right and left adrenal glands.Öğe The Basic Properties of Transesterified Corn Oil and Biodiesel-Diesel Blends(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Aydin, F.; Kafadar, A. B.; Erdogan, S.; Saydut, A.; Kaya, C.; Hamamci, C.Biodiesel, one of green fuels and clean energies, is compatible with traditional petroleum-based diesel and both can be completely blended without any stratification. Biodiesel was prepared from corn by transesterification of the crude oil with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Transesterified corn oil has better properties globally because it has the greater monounsaturated content. Determination of blend levels is one important issue to the quality control of biodiesel due to the increase of biodiesel-diesel blends commercialization. The objective of this study was to characterize how the key fuel properties changed when the commercial petroleum diesel fuel was blended with methyl ester produced from corn oil. In the present study, commercially available diesel fuel was blended with the biodiesel prepared from corn oil. The blends of biodiesel petroleum diesel were prepared on a volume basis. The important properties of corn oil methyl ester (biodiesel)-diesel fuel blends, such as density and kinematic viscosity, are found out and compared to those of No. 2 petroleum diesel, ASTM, and EN biodiesel standards.Öğe The branching of the aortic arch in the Eurasian bittern (Botaurus stellaris, Linnaeus 1758)(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2012) Erdogan, S.This study was aimed at determining the vascular architecture of the aortic arch in the Eurasian bittern. For this purpose, the heart arteries of two bitterns were evaluated. The latex injection method was used to observe the branching of the aortic arch. Two brachiocephalic trunks were arising separately from the aortic arch and these arteries were giving to the common carotid and subclavian arteries. One of the thin branches arising from the subclavian artery was the sternoclavicular artery, which was in turn dividing into a sternal and a clavicular artery supplying the thoracic inlet and pectoral muscles. After the branching of the sternoclavicular artery, the axillary arteries were originating from the subclavian arteries. The thickest branch of the subclavian artery was the thoracic artery, which was dividing into internal and external thoracic arteries. Moreover, the brachiocephalic trunks were giving rise to the common carotid arteries and these were running cranially, giving rise to tracheosyringeal branches supplying the trachea and syrinx, thyroid artery, esophageal branches, artery of the comes nervi vagi and vertebral trunk. It is hoped that this study will enhance morphological data on exotic birds since the reports on species-specific vascular morphology in wild birds are insufficient and lacking in detail.Öğe Can exposure to manganese and extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect some important elements in the rat teeth?(Verduci Publisher, 2012) Ince, B.; Akdag, Z.; Bahsi, E.; Erdogan, S.; Celik, S.; Akkus, Z.; Dalli, M.Background: Length and level of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is increasing in association with the widespread use of electrical and electronic devices and technological progress. The undesirable effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on health have attracted considerable interest. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four four-month-old male Wistar rats divided into eight groups of eight rats each were used. Seven groups were exposed to varying dosages of manganese (Mn) and a 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) of approximately 1 mT, while the last group was set aside as the cage control group and not subjected to any procedure. This study was intended to investigate the interactions between the application of MF and Mn and the elements Ca, Zn, Mg, and P thought to be involved in caries, in rat teeth. Results: Levels of Ca, Mg, Zn, and P in the experimental group rats were different to those in the control group. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that ELF-MF and Mn can have significant effects on levels of elements in rat teeth. Further experimental and epidemiological studies of ELF-MF and Mn are needed in order to evaluate their dental effects.Öğe The Characterization of Liquid Product via Flash Pyrolysis of Coal (Hazro, SE Anatolia, Turkey)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2010) Saydut, A.; Duz, M. Z.; Erdogan, S.; Hamamci, C.Coal can be converted into a variety of secondary products, such as light hydrocarbon gases, tar, and high quality fuel char, by means of pyrolysis. Liquefaction of Hazro (Diyarbakir, SE Anatolia, Turkey) coal, -0.60 + 0.25 mm particle size, and using flash pyrolysis was performed in a fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate 40 degrees C min-1 at a temperature ranging from 400 to 800 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere. The effect of temperature on conversion and liquid yield was examined. The flash pyrolysis temperature resulted in a large increase in the oil yield, tar, and gases; a large increase in the yield of hydrocarbon gases occurred as a result of temperature at 550 degrees C, which was attributed to an increased thermal cracking of pyrolysis vapors. Pyrolysis oil was treated with silica gel column chromatography. Using n-hexane, toluene, and methanol, the oil was separated into aliphatic, aromatic, and polar components, respectively. The fractions from silica gel chromatography of liquid product obtained both by nitrogen pyrolysis were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Öğe Chemical Leaching on Sulfur and Mineral Matter Removal from Asphaltite (Harbul, SE Anatolia, Turkey)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Saydut, A.; Duz, M. Z.; Erdogan, S.; Tonbul, Y.; Hamamci, C.Desulfurization and demineralization by an aqueous caustic leaching method was investigated of an asphaltite sample from Harbul (Silopi, SE Anatolia, Turkey). The effects of different parameters, such as alkali concentration, time, and temperature, on the leaching efficiency were detailed and the experimental results are presented here. The caustic concentration varied from 0.1-1.0 M, temperature was 100-180 degrees C, and leaching time varied from 4-16 h. The removal of total sulfur and ash increases with increasing alkali concentration, leaching temperature, and time. As a result of aqueous caustic leaching, the ash content of asphaltite was reduced from 32.49 to 18.00%, and 76% of combustible was recovered. Total sulfur and volatile matter content was reduced from 7.02 to 2.68% and from 46.74 to 25.10%, respectively.Öğe The course and ramification of prostatic artery in genital tract of the domestic tomcat (Felis catus)(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Erdogan, S.; Akbalik, M. E.; Sagsoz, H.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Distribution and density of mast cells in the bovine reproductive tract during the follicular and luteal phases(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Sagsoz, H.; Saruhan, B. Guney; Akbalik, M. E.; Erdogan, S.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Distribution of CD68-, CD8-, MHCI- and MHCII-positive cells in the bull and ram testis and epididymis(Wiley, 2018) Gueney Saruhan, B.; Sagsoz, H.; Akbalik, E.; Ketani, M. A.; Erdogan, S.The mammalian testis possesses a special immunological environment because of its properties of remarkable immune privilege and effective local innate immunity. The testicular immune privilege protects immunogenic germ cells from systemic immune attack, and local innate immunity is important in preventing testicular microbial infections. Thus, this study aimed to immunohistochemically demonstrate the distribution and localization of CD68-, CD8-, MHCI- and MHCII-positive immune cells in the testes and epididymes. Negative immunoreactivity was detected in the seminiferous tubule epithelium and peritubular myoid cells of the testes upon staining in CD68, CD8 and MHC Class I. Positive CD68 immunoreaction was determined in the Sertoli cells and some Leydig cells. The detection of positive cells for CD8 clearly indicated the presence of lymphocytes. Furthermore, the staining with MHCI intensity was ascertained to vary from weak to moderate in the Sertoli and Leydig cells and connective tissue cells. MHCII-positive immunoreactivity was determined in myoid cells and Leydig cells in the interstitial area. The epithelium of the epididymis showed positive staining for CD68 and CD8, but the stroma displayed a rather weak staining. In the ram epididymis, neither intraepithelial nor interstitial positive reaction was observed for MHCI. In the epididymis, the basal cells displayed a stronger staining for MHCII. In conclusion, these cells not only contribute to local immunity through their direct effects on the quality of fertility in males, but also contribute either directly or indirectly to immune privilege by minimizing the development of both autoimmune reactions and potentially harmful risks.Öğe Distribution of macrophages, eosinophils, and plasma cells in the cow reproductive tract during the sexual cycle(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Akbalik, M. E.; Sagsoz, H.; Saruhan, B. Guney; Erdogan, S.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Distribution of the arterial supply to the lower urinary tract in the domestic tom-cat (Felis catus)(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2011) Erdogan, S.This study was aimed at determining the arterial supply and gross vascular architecture of the urinary bladder in the male cat. For this purpose, the urinary bladders of 10 cats were evaluated. Organ vascularization was investigated using the latex injection technique. The feline urinary bladder was found to be supplied by the prostatic artery, which stemmed from the internal pudendal artery and the umbilical artery that originated from the internal iliac artery. The umbilical artery extended caudally to form the cranial vesical artery, which was later distributed into the corpus and apex of the urinary bladder. The feline prostatic artery divided into the artery of the deferent duct and a slim branch, which supplied the prostate gland. The artery of the deferent duct gave off a caudal vesical artery which gave off slim branches to the preprostatic urethra. On the surfaces of the urinary bladders examined, the cranial and caudal vesical arteries followed varying courses, which reflected individual variations. In all samples, the blood vessels generally divided into two or three branches on the surface of the urinary bladder, whilst in only one sample, the caudal vesical artery was observed to be of the ladder type. Moreover, the cranial and caudal vesical arteries anastomosed with each other on the surface of the urinary bladder. This study constitutes a model for comparison with other species and provides morphological contributions to anatomy training and surgical interventions since there is a lack of literature on species-specific vascular morphology in the field of veterinary urology in contrast to the abundance of studies on humans and rodents.Öğe Effect of homogeneous alkaline catalyst type on biodiesel production from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil(Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2016) Saydut, A.; Kafadar, A. B.; Aydin, F.; Erdogan, S.; Kaya, C.; Hamamci, C.Transesterification or alcoholysis is the most commonly applied method for biodiesel production. A catalyst is needed to improve the transesterification reaction and yield. The present study used soybean oil as the raw oil to mix with methanol and four strong alkali catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CH3ONa & CH3OK) to undergo a transesterification reaction. Transesterification was carried out using 100% :excess alcohol, i.e., molar ratio of alcohol to soybean oil was 6:1, and, catalyst concentration of 1% at 60 degrees C. Alkali metal alkoxides were found to be more effective transesterification catalysts compared to hydroxides. Sodium methdxide was the most efficient catalyst, although KOH and NaOH could also be used because they are cheaper and are used widely in large scale processing:Öğe EFFECT OF MOBILE PHONES ON TRACE ELEMENTS CONTENT IN RAT TEETH(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008) Adiguzel, O.; Dasdag, S.; Akdag, M. Z.; Erdogan, S.; Kaya, S.; Yavuz, I.; Kaya, F. A.Widespread use of wireless communication made it necessary to investigate the long term effect of mobile phone, which is the most popular technological equipment in the earth. One of the important parts of body that absorbs, radiation emitted from mobile phones is oral tissue. However mobile phone users and also scientists usually do not pay attention on effect of mobile phone e exposure on oral tissue. Therefore, there is no epidemiological and experimental studies focused on this part of body. The aim of this study was to investigate the of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) -Modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation 017 trace element content of rat teeth. Thirty one Wistar Albino adult male rats were divided into three groups: experimental group (each, n=14), shame group (n=7), and cage control group (n=10). Head of the rats in the experimental group were & exposed to GSH-Modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours per day during ten months. At the end of the exposure period, the contents of some trace elements as Ca, Mg, Zn, and P were measured in the oral tissue. The measurements were performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). However phosphorus content of teeth was measured h.); ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UVS). Changes of Mg, and Zn contents in the experimental group were found to be statistically significant according to the sham and cage control groups. Ca and P contents in the (experimental group were higher than the sham and cage control groups. Difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The results of the study showed that GSM-Modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation can be a factor to alter the teeth trace elements' densities. However further studies are necessary to know whether GSM-Modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency, radiations affects the oral tissues such as the teeth.Öğe Effect of molten caustic leaching on demineralization and desulfurization of asphaltite(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2008) Duz, M. Z.; Erdogan, S.; Saydut, A.; Merdivan, M.; Hamamci, C.Molten caustic leaching process is effective in reducing significant amounts of ash-forming minerals, pyritic sulfur, and organic sulfur from solid fossil fuels. The effect of leaching asphaltite samples from Seguruk and Harbul collieries of Sirnak and Silopi asphaltite fields (situated in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey) with molten sodium hydroxide and followed by mild acid on demineralization and desulfurization was investigated. The effects of alkali/asphaltite ratio, time, and temperature on the leaching efficiency were detailed, and the experimental results are presented here. Chemical demineralization and desulfurization of asphaltite samples using molten sodium hydroxide were investigated in the temperature range of 200 degrees C-400 degrees C. The percentage of demineralization and desulfurization increased with the increase in alkali/asphaltite ratio. The removal of total sulfur and ash increased with increasing leaching temperature and time. Most of the inorganic sulfur and a significant portion of the organic sulfur were removed.Öğe Interaction of metals with humic acid isolated from oxidized coal(Hard, 2007) Erdogan, S.; Baysal, A.; Akba, O.; Hamamci, C.The sorption behaviour of divalent cations M2+ (Cu, Pb and Zn) and trivalent cations M2+ (Fe, Al) with humic acid isolated from oxidized coal (Hazro,SE Anatolia,Turkey) was followed in aqueous solution. Coal humic acid and metal ion interaction was investigated with special emphasis on the effects of pH, metal ion concentration and humic acid concentration. It has been found that the interaction of humic acid with metal ions in solution increases with pH, decreases with metal ion concentration and increases with humic acid concentration. The differences in sorption ability of particular metal ions on oxidized coal-derived humic acid are Fe> Ph> Cu> A> Zn and Fe> Pb> A> Cu> Zn at pH 2.5 and 3.5, respectively, while they are Fe=Pb=Cu=Al> Zn at both pH 4.5 and 5.5. The interaction of some trivalent (Fe, Al) and divalent(Cu, Pb, Zn) metal ions with humic acid prepared from coal was also studied using FTIR spectroscopy. This has proven helpful with respect to metal binding to understand better the potential sites of binding within the humic acid. Infrared spectroscopy showed the participation of COOH and OH groups in binding to the metal ions.Öğe Investigation of pyrolysis kinetics of humic acids from low rank Anatolian coal by thermal analysis(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2007) Tonbul, Y.; Erdogan, S.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of humic acid samples from low rank Anatolian (east of Turkey, Bingol) coal were investigated under atmospheric pressure. The samples were subjected for the decomposition of organic matter ambient to 800 degrees C at four different heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 degrees C min(-1)). The humic acid samples were started at decomposition between 170 - 206 degrees C and amount of residues varied 55-60% according to heating rate. Each of samples was showed a single step mass loss. TG/DTG data of samples were analyzed to determine activation energy values by Coats and Redfern method and Arrhenius method. Activation energy values are similar obtained from Coats and Redfern method and Arrhenius method and varied from 25 to 29 kJ mol(-1).Öğe A Macro-Anatomical Investigation of the Some Skull Bones of Nehring's Blind Mole Rats (Spalacidae: Nannospalax nehringi)(Wiley, 2017) Ketani, S.; Kilinc, M.; Erdogan, S.; Kaya, A.; Coskun, Y.This study was aimed to demonstrate the specific anatomical features of the skull bones of Nehring's blind mole rats. Eight skulls, belonging to animals of both sexes, were used. The occipital squama contributed to the formation of the caudal portion of the skull roof. The foramen magnum was quite large. The external occipital crest was present only in the males. The parietal bones formed the middle portion of the skull roof together with the well-developed inter-parietal bones. The zygomatic process of the temporal bone formed the zygomatic arch by extending to the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. The zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone laterally bordered the orbit. There was a single septal process of the nasal bone. Each ramus of the mandibula had four processes. The mandibular ramus had an angular process on its caudal rim, which extended dorsolaterally. The dorsal free end of the mandibular ramus possessed a coronoid process. In the back, there were two other processes, situated medially and laterally. The medially situated process was referred to as a condylar process, and the laterally situated process was referred to as an alveolar process. The alveolar process detected on the mandibular ramus has not been reported in any rodent species, other than those of the family Spalacidae. Blind mole rats can be a real eye-opener for evolutionary science. The burrowing rodents are key to answering a controversial question about how new species arise.
