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    CUTTING FORCE AND ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF 'BOGAZKERE' GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA L) CANE
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2019) Sessiz, Abdullah; Elicin, Konuralp; Bayhan, Yilmaz
    In this study, cutting and energy properties of canes of 'Bogazkere' grape variety (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) were determined at spring pruning season in 2018. Cutting and energy properties were measured by the biological materials testing machine. According to test results, the best and lowest cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy and specific cutting energy results were obtained at type of flat-edge knife as 263.50 N, 9.34 MPa, 2.70 J and 0.1056 J mm(-2), respectively. The highest values of cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy and specific cutting energy were obtained from the serrated 1(knife-edge thick) type knife as 440.5 N, 15.59 MPa, 3.57 J and 0.1264 J mm(-2), respectively. Measured these properties gradually decreased with increase knife-cutting angle from 0 degrees to 40 degrees. Also, the cutting force, cutting strength, cutting energy and specific cutting energy decreased with increase knife-cutting speed from 1 mm s(-1) to 5 mm s(-1). There were found significant differences between 1 m s(-1) and the other cutting speeds. However, there were not significant different among 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm s(-1) loading speed as statistically.
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    DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF SOME CULTIVATION PARAMETERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROALGAE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2013) Elicin, Konuralp; Gezici, Mustafa; Gurhan, Recai
    The research studies in the past focusing on finding new energy sources, were based on biodiesels which reduce the greenhouse effect by 41% when compared with diesels. Due to this fact, many contries in the world have exempted biodiesel from taxes and encouraged their production and consumption. However, in Turkey, increase in production taxes, and because the producers can only sell their products to distribution firms, the attractiveness of biodiesel has decreased tremendously and could only been developed to the limits provided by the studies of related departments of the univercities. Microalgae carbon dioxide and sunlight through photosynthesis converts it to energy very efficiently, and in this process the oil-producing single-cell biological organisms. Just like any other plant-based oils such as algae oil biodiesel converted directly used as a fuel for diesel engines. Today, experienced negative effects due to oil and oil to eliminate the negative effects to the environment is given a new, clean and cheap energy resources, and these resources have to be used effectively. With a high fat binding properties of micro-organisms, especially microalgae energy crisis on behalf of the resort, be worth studying. The recent research studies focused on alga cultures which are blue, red, green in color and are transforming CO2 to O-2 in the ecosystem. The research studies on algs are implemented under two topics which are namely alg production and possibilities of using algs as fuel. In this study, species of Dunaliella salina, Palmellopsis muralis and colored light sources with different wavelengths using the 24-hour period of enlightenment, subjected to constant light intensity of cultivation under the analyzed parameters. The second experiment using white light illumination of different periods of growth parameters, cell number, pH, salinity and conductivity values were measured and analyzed. The third attempt, the temperature in the same way using white light and under constant light intensity, respectively, 21 degrees C, 28 degrees C and 35 degrees C growth parameters were investigated. Finally, using white light source and 12 hours light and dark periods within 12 hours, applying a different light intensity, cell numbers, pH, salinity and conductivity values were analyzed and compared.
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    ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE SIRE GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA L.CV.)
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2017) Esgici, Resat; Ozdemir, Gultekin; Pekitkan, Goksel; Elicin, Konuralp; Ozturk, Ferhat; Sessiz, Abdullah
    Turkey will continue to acting an important role in grape production and raisin exportation in the world because of its large number of grape varieties, favorable ecological conditions and large amount of production areas. Turkey is the one of the gene center of grapevines, for this reason it possesses over 1600 grape varieties. Grapevine varieties are generally harvested by hand; however, the feasibility of using a mechanical harvester is some engineering properties such as physical and mechanical properties must be consideration. In this study, some physical and mechanical properties of grape berries and canes of local variety Sire (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) were determined depend on phenological stages. This research was performed at commercial vineyard in Dicle, the town of Diyarbakir, which is located in the southeastern part of Turkey. Cutting properties were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. Grape berries length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, detachment force (FDF), weight (W), the ratio of FDF/ W, skin firmness, total soluble solids content, pH, total acidity and cane of grapevine shearing force, shearing strength, upper yield, shearing energy were determined. The test results indicated that very significant correlations were found between axial dimensions of grape berries, and physical dimensions, mechanical and pomological properties. The ratio of FDF/W decreased depending on phenological stages. Berry weight was lowest at the Veraison (1.60 g). The grape berry skin firmness decreased from 1.174 N to 0.766 N with phenological stages. TSSC values varied from 20.40 to 16.20 %, pH of grape (3.39-3.65) values increased with phenological stages, whereas the total acids were slight changed and reduced from 0.876 to 0.669 %. Cutting properties of Sire grapevine cane has been changed with phenological stages. Shearing force and energy requirement increased with increase internode diameter of canes. Shearing force values changed between 472.38 N and 119.57 N.