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    THE CHANGE OF SHEAR FORCE AND ENERGY OF COTTON STALK DEPEND ON KNIFE TYPE AND SHEAR ANGLE
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2018) Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Esgici, Reat; Elicin, A. Konuralp; Sessiz, Abdullah
    The shear force and energy values of biological materials are very important data for suitable design of a cutting and pruning machines and related equipment. The objective of this study was to determine shearing force and shearing energy of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stalk at different shoots diameter as a function of knife type and knife edge angle. Dependent variables were maximum cutting force and cutting energy. The samples were obtained from the cotton experimental field at vegetation season for each plot. A universal test machine was used to measure the cutting force and the energy. The cutting energy was calculated by measuring the surface area under the cutting force-deformation curve. As a result, the main effect of the knife edge angle on the cutting force and energy were found significant. The best and minimal results were determined at serrated 2 knife types to be 69.61 N and 25.61 Ncm, respectively, followed by the serrated 1 and flat knife. The highest values were observed at flat knife type. Nevertheless, the cutting force and cutting energy increased with an increase in the knife edge angle from 50 degrees to 90 degrees. The maximum values were obtained at 90 degrees both cutting force and cutting energy. At this angle, while the maximum cutting force and cutting energy were determined to be 93.18 N and 31.60 Ncm, respectively. The main minimum values were obtained at 50 degrees angle. Cutting force and energy values of cotton stalk were found highly correlated with the stalk diameter. Cutting force and energy increased with increase diameter of stalk. The maximum cutting force and cutting energy were obtained at 29.20 mm(2) cross-sectional area as 102.30 N and 41.97 Ncm, respectively, while the minimum values of cutting force and cutting energy were obtained at 13.84 mm(2) cross-sectional area as 47.28 N and 16.76 Ncm, respectively.
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    SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max) STEMS AND SEEDS
    (Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2017) Ozturk, Ferhat; Pekitkan, F. Goksel; Esgici, Resat; Elicin, A. Konuralp
    Harvesting is the most important operation in soybean production. To develop a new harvesting machine with any cutting system, we have to exactly know cutting properties of stems and seeds. Firstly, the design of the machine was based on cutting properties. This study was carried out to evaluate the stem cutting properties and mechanical behavior under compression load of soybean grains (Glycine max L.). This research was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey. The soybean cultivar, SA-88, used for this study. It was obtained from the local a commercial farm in Diyarbakir Province, Turkey. In this research, Cutting force (CF), cutting strength and cutting energy (CE) for stems and seeds were measured by considering cross sectional area at during the harvesting season in year 2016. Cutting properties of soybean stems and compression properties of seeds were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. The highest pod cracking force was observed as 13.43 N at vertical orientation, while the least value of cracking force was determined as 4.59 N at horizontal position. According to Tukey's multiple range tests, the internodes effects were not found significant effect on seed force and energy. The average cracking force and energy were obtained as 146. 62 N and 10.05 N.cm, respectively. Cutting force values increased linearly with the increase in stem diameters.
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    THE USE OF RAPESEED OIL METHYL AND ETHYL ESTERS AND OF RAPESEED OIL-DIESEL MIXTURES AS FUELS FOR DIESEL ENGINE
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Elicin, A. Konuralp; Ozturk, Ferhat; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Esgici, Resat
    This study was conducted over a year period incorporating one growing seasons of 2013-2014 with the aim being to investigate the effects of the free fatty acid and yield characteristics of different rapeseed genotypes planted at different sowing times in the climate of Diyarbakir, Turkey on biodiesel production, on engine performance and on emission values. The study was conducted in the trial areas of the Department of Field Crops of the Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture, in which the quality traits of the rapeseed (oil ratio and fatty acid content) were analyzed. The genotypes, 'Licord' was achieved the highest oil content (38.13%). The highest alpha-linolenic acid (1.25%), and oleic acid (65.1%) were recorded from the genotype 'Express'. The highest linoleic acid (18.16%) was achieved from Lirown genotype. Among the different varieties of rapeseed, those with the highest oil ratio and fatty acid content were selected and subjected to transesterification to obtain rapeseed oil methyl and ethyl esters. These were then tested in a small power diesel engine in accordance with the EN 14214 standard, which is considered applicable by the Energy Market Regulatory Board of Turkey for the investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of such ester fuels. The study made use of single-cylinder, direct injection, four-cycle, 5.5 kW nominal power diesel engine. The use of fatty acid esters was found to give moment and power values close to those of diesel engine fuel, although the ester fuels showed a slight increase in fuel consumption values. The transesterification of rapeseed was found to reduce viscosity and to decrease calorific value and specific weights. Emission values for CO and CO2 were found to be lower than number 2-D diesel fuel, while an increase was observed in the level of NON.