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Öğe An annual variation in essential oil composition of Origanum syriacum from Southeast Anatolia of Turkey(Academic Journals, 2010) Toncer, Ozlem; Karaman, Sengul; Diraz, EmelSeasonal variations of the essential oil of Origanum syriacum were analysed by GC/MS. Twenty five components were identified, independent of season, among which thymol was the main component with 46.70% in the summer and p-cymene was the main component with 62.18% in the early spring. From the other compounds occured in lower amounts, gamma-Terpinene ranged from 0.63 - 19.08% and its maximum level was observed in summer, alpha-terpinene varied between 0.67 - 4.85% and the maximum level detected in summer season, carvacrol values ranged from 0.73 - 8.90% with the maximal value spring. To obtain favourable phenol content of the oil, O. syriacum should be harvested in summer months.Öğe Changes in Essential Oil Composition of Oregano (Origanum onites L.) due to Diurnal Variations at Different Development Stages(Univ Agr Sci & Veterinary Med Cluj-Napoca, 2009) Toncer, Ozlem; Karaman, Sengul; Kizil, Suleyman; Diraz, EmelThe composition of essential oil in plants was affected by genetical and environmental conditions, which is determined by growth region and harvesting time in terms of ontogenetical and diurnal variability. in the present study, aerial parts of Origanum onites were harvested at three different development stages (pre, full and post flowering) and six different times of the day (06:00, 10:00, 12:00,16:00, 20:00 and 24:00 h). A total of twenty-six components were identified by GC-MS, The major component was carvacrol, followed by thymol, p-cymene and gamma-terpinene. The content of carvacrol in the essential oil varied between 24.66 and 52.58% and the highest carvacrol content was obtained from 10:00 h at pre-flowering stages, thymol content changed between 2.80 and 23.77% and the highest thymol content was also obtained from 24:00 h at pre-flowering stages.Öğe Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of some Achillea Species Growing Wild in Turkey(Friends Science Publ, 2010) Toncer, Ozlem; Basbag, Sema; Karaman, Sengul; Diraz, Emel; Basbag, MehmetNative Achillea plants (A. biebersteinii, A. aleppica, A. tenuifolia, A. magnifica, A. cucullata) were collected from nine localities of Southeastern and Eastern of Turkey during the flowering period. The essential oils of five Achillea species were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. Generally the principal constituents of the oils were 1,8 cineol+ascaridol, camphor, isoascaridol, 1,8 cineol and camphor as A. biebersteinii, A. aleppica, A. tenuifolia, A. magnifica, A. cucullata, respectively. Chemical composition of essential oils of Achillea species are highly variable, which may be due to the differences in their chemical polymorphic structure and environmental conditions. (C) 2010 Friends Science PublishersÖğe DETERMINATION OF SOME AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ESSENTIAL OIL VARIATION IN DIFFERENT LOCAL Ocimum basilicum L. ECOTYPES UNDER SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2019) Kizil, Suleyman; Toncer, Ozlem; Sogut, Tahsin; Diraz, Emel; Karaman, SengulThe study aimed to determine agronomic characteristics and essential oil components of different basil ecotypes in semi-arid climatic conditions of South Eastern Anatolia, Diyarbakir, Turkey. Two-year harvest data about fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content and its components from the plants of year 2015 and 2016 was analyzed in this study. Essential oil components were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The resulting outcomes demonstrated that both ecotypes and harvests had important effects on fresh and dry herb, dry leaf yield and essential oil contents of sweet basil. The highest dry leaf yield was noted from green leafy ecotypes and from second harvest stage. Twenty-three constituents were detected in the essential oil of O. basilicum ecotypes. The main components of basil essential oil were linalool, methyl chavicol, neral, geranial and methyl cinnamate that differed according to ecotypes and harvests during experimental years 2015 and 2016. Purple leafy basil ecotypes were determined as linalool rich, while greenish leaf ecotypes were abundant in methyl chavicol. Silbe - green ecotype contains higher neral and geranial levels than the other ecotypes. It was concluded that basil plant could be grown successfully and harvested two or more times to prefer for maximum dry leaf yield and essential oil contents under semi-arid climatic conditions.Öğe Diurnal Variation Effects in Essential Oils of Wild Thyme (Thymbra spicata var. spicata L.) Under Cultivation Conditions(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Toncer, Ozlem; Karaman, Sengul; Diraz, Emel; Sogut, Tahsin; Kizil, SuleymanThere are many folkloric uses of Thymbra spicata var. spicata. Very few thyme species are found in semi-arid climatic conditions. T. spicata is one among these which is not under cultivation anywhere. The essential oil of plant possesses high antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to presence of large amounts of phenolic components. The aim of this study was to verify the variation of essential oil and its composition among 12 different populations harvested every three hours in a day (from 06: 00 to 21: 00 h) along 24 hours for Thymbra spicata var. spicata on May 30, 2013. The essential oil of samples were analysed by GC-MS/FID. The results, proved that essential oil content of T. spicata var. spicata harvested at different times varied and ranged 2.02 to 5.04 % such that the amount of essential oil content increased around noon (reaching its maximum at 12: 00 h) followed by a decrease in afternoon hours. The essential oil of T. spicata var. spicata was analysed and a total of 20 components representing 89.57-99.14 % of the oils were identified. The highest carvacrol content (70.87 %) was obtained from 6.00 h harvest and the lowest one was obtained at 12.00 h harvest as 66.36 %. Diurnal variation in p-cymene content was observed with maximum at 21: 00 h harvest (6.89 %) and minimum at 09: 00 h (5.02 %) harvest gamma-Terpinene content of essential oil was maximum when the plants were harvested at 12: 00 h, while the lowest content was found when harvested at 06: 00 h. Carvacrol content was highest in the morning harvest. The results suggest that high oil yield and carvacrol content vary according to the temperature and can be optimised by considering the harvest time of the plant during a day.Öğe EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT HARVEST PERIODS ON ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS OF Lippia citriodora KUNTH UNDER SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ITS ESSENTIAL OIL(Wydawnictwo Akad Rolniczej W Lublinie, 2018) Kizil, Suleyman; Dinc, Hayrettin; Diraz, Emel; Toncer, Ozlem; Kizil, Murat; Karaman, SengulLemon verbena is cultivated mainly due to the lemon-like aroma emitted from its leaves that are utilized for most purposes. The chemical composition of the essential oil of lemon verbena was analyzed by GC/MS in July at pre flowering, in September at full flowering and in end of October at post flowering period. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, extracted from Lippia citriodora was tested against laboratory con- trol strains belonging to the American Type Culture Collection (Maryland, USA) four Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria using the disc diffusion test. Antioxidant activity of the sample was determined by l,l-diphenil-2- -picrly-hydrazil (DPPH) assay. Well-known antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol were used as standard. Results showed, among different harvest periods high fresh and dry herbage and dry leaf yields per plant were obtained from full flowering stage. Harvest periods were found to have a significant effect on the content of essential oil and the highest amounts of limonene, neral and geranial and measured as 31.15, 11.92 and 15.53%, respectively at full flowering stage. In all samples, the main constituents were limo- nene, neral and geranial constituting 46.03%-58.59% of the total essential oil yield depend on development stages. Lemon verbena essential oil was found to have antibacterial activity especially against Gram (+) mi- croorganisms. In DPPH system, the moderate radical scavenging activity was exhibited. Therefore, L. citrio- dora has potential to be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food processing.Öğe ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF Ocimum basilicum L. AT DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES IN SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Toncer, Ozlem; Karaman, Sengul; Diraz, Emel; Tansi, SezenSweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is known locally as feslegen or reyhan, belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is widely grown as an ornamental, medicinal and spice crops in the Mediterranean countries, including Turkey. Basil is cultivated in small areas like gardens. However this plant must be produced in the shape of field farming for a new crop. Cultivar, cropping season, plant ontogeny and plant part had significant effects on the yield and quality of the essential oil of O. basilicum as with other essential oil plants. The present work was undertaken with the main objective to investigate the essential oil rate and constitutents of essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of O. basilicum cultivated in Diyarbakir as affected by different development stage. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC - MS) The yield of essential oil from different development stages varied between 1.2-1.6%, and the major components identified in essential oils are linalool, eugenol and terpinen-4-ol. The highest linalool content was obtained from flowering stage and it was observed that linalool percentages decreased in the post-flowering period, which showed an increase towards the flowering period, eugenol was rich in pre-flowering stage and the maximum amounts of terpinolen-4-ol were observed in post-flowering stage.Öğe Essential Oil Composition of Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. at Different Harvest Stages(Univ Agr Sci & Veterinary Med Cluj-Napoca, 2017) Toncer, Ozlem; Karaman, Sengul; Diraz, Emel; Sogut, Tahsin; Kizil, SuleymanThymus is represented by 39 species (60 taxa) in Turkey and the rate of its endemism is 45% in Turkey. The herb is widely used for several purposes. Its essential oil compositions and biologically active substances are affected by the phenological stages. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the variations in the essential oil composition of Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. growing in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey at different phenological stages (pre-flowering, full flowering, post flowering). The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried samples. The yields of oils (w/w %) at different phenological stages was respectively 2.0% at pre-flowering state, 1.9% at flowering stage, and 1.3% at post-flowering stage. T. x citriodorus was determined mainly by using GC/MS. A total of 21 compounds, representing 93.9% in the pre-flowering stage, 98.8% in the flowering stage and 98.91% in post-flowering of the total oil, were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (terpinolene) and oxygenated monoterpenes (alpha-terpineol) were observed to have the highest percentage in T. x citriodorus oil. The major compounds of the oil were terpinolene, alpha-terpineol, linalool, bornyl acetate and borneol. The highest percentage of terpinolene was determined to be 71% in flowering stages.Öğe Variation of agronomical characteristics and essential oil components of Zahter (Thymbra Spicata L. var. Spicata) populations in semi-arid climatic conditions(Society of Field Crops Science, 2015) Kızıl, Süleyman; Tonçer, Özlem; Diraz, Emel; Karaman, ŞengülThymbra spicata L. var. spicata is grown naturally in semi-arid climatic conditions of Turkey. The seeds of wild populations collected from various regions were cultivated under arid climatic conditions of Diyarbakır in South East Anatolian region of Turkey. Components of hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from air dried aerial parts of T. spicata were identified and compared using gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer. Fresh herbage yields of populations ranged 4925 kg ha-1 to 13275 kg ha-1, dry herbage yield varied between 2035 to 4782 kg ha-1 and dry leaf yield ranged 1347 kg ha-1 to 3364 kg ha-1. Essential oil contents of T. spicata populations in dry herb ranged 2.25% to 4.65%. The total oil content of plants and the percentage contribution of the major oil constituents, carvacrol, ?-terpinene and p-cymene, varied remarkably among localities. The highest carvacrol content was found in the population collected from Diyarbakir-Dicle (97.9%). The results indicated that agronomic characteristics, essential oils and chemical compositions of T. spicata are affected by environmental, genetic and agronomic practices under cultivation conditions.
