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    Assessment of the protective effects of pomegranate peel extract and N-acetyl cysteine alone or in combination with Ornipural® against Cadmium-induced bone toxicity in rat
    (2024) Hatipoglu, Durmus; Demircioglu, İsmail; Filikci, Kursat; Korkmaz, Yasemin; Gungor, Huseyin; Demircioglu, Muhammed; Dik, Burak
    Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) alone or in their treatment combinations with commercial preparation Ornipural® (ORN) on bone metabolism against experimentally cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Totally 36 animals were used in the study including 6 Wistar Albino rats in each group. The animals were assigned to control, Cd, Cd+PPE, Cd+NAC, Cd+PPE+ORN and Cd+NAC+ORN groups. The animals in the groups were euthanized after their blood samples were taken at the end of the 8th week. The bones were subjected to maceration for morphometric and histopathological examinations after euthanasia. Results: The statistically significant differences were determined between the treatment groups and Cd group in terms of histopathological changes (osteoporotic alterations and changes in red bone marrow) and biomarkers (Ca, P and Mg) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although PPE, NAC and treatment combinations with ORN applied against experimentally induced cadmium toxicity were determined to have positive effects on bone metabolism, it has been thought that carrying out trials by increasing treatment duration and dose would be beneficial to determine definite efficacy of the applied treatment protocols.
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    Neuroprotective Effects of Bexarotene and Icariin in a Diabetic Rat Model
    (Springernature, 2024) Agircan, Dilek; Parlak, Tugba Melike; Tufan, Oznur; Demircioglu, Muhammed; Dik, Burak
    Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder affecting over 400 million people globally, is increasingly recognized for its detrimental impact on the central nervous system. T2DM is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of bexarotene and icariin in a T2DM rat model, focusing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament-light chain (NfL) levels. Methods Before the study, rats underwent fasting blood glucose tests, lipid profile assessments, and general health evaluations, followed by a high-fat diet for two weeks and a single streptozotocin dose (35 mg/kg). Rats with fasting blood glucose levels >= 250 mg/dl were classified as diabetes mellitus (DM) and continued on the high- fat diet throughout the experiment. Forty-seven male Wistar Albino rats were divided into six groups: a healthy control group, a DM control group, a DM group treated with bexarotene, a DM group treated with icariin, and two DM groups treated with combinations of low and high doses of bexarotene and icariin. After the 45-day treatment, blood samples were collected under thiopental sodium anesthesia, with HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) and hematological parameters analyzed within eight hours, and serum stored at- 80 degrees C for further analysis. The animals were then euthanized, and brain tissues were harvested, frozen, and stored at-80 degrees C until further examination. Brain tissues were analyzed for BDNF, GFAP, and NfL levels using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). For comparing multiple groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to nonparametric data, and one-way ANOVA was used for parametric data, followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was determined with two-tailed tests at p < 0.05. Results Significant changes in GFAP levels were observed across groups (p < 0.001). The DM control group showed the highest GFAP levels, while treatment groups exhibited reductions. The DM control group also showed the highest BDNF levels, while treatment groups exhibited reductions. The DM control group showed the lowest NfL levels, while treatment groups exhibited increments. Conclusion This study highlights the neuroprotective potential of bexarotene and icariin in a diabetic rat model, evidenced by significant changes in GFAP levels. The lack of significant changes in BDNF and NfL suggests that longer study durations may be necessary to observe these effects. Future research should include extended study periods, larger sample sizes, varied dosages, and comprehensive behavioral assessments to better understand the therapeutic potential of these agents.